@article {chnwm93, title = {The 1990-1991 outbreak of melioidosis in the Northern Territory of Australia: clinical aspects}, journal = {The Southeast Asian journal of tropical medicine and public health}, volume = {24}, year = {1993}, month = {1993}, pages = {3}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8160049}, author = {Currie, B. and Howard, D. and Nguyen, V. T. and Withnall, K. and Merianos, A.} } @article {1732, title = {A 1-Year Quantitative Survey of Noro-, Adeno-, Human Boca-, and Hepatitis E Viruses in Raw and Secondarily Treated Sewage from Two Plants in Norway}, year = {2015}, url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26003323}, author = {M Myrmel and H Lange and E Rimstad} } @article {1463, title = {A 4-year study of the epidemiology of Vibrio cholerae in four rural areas of Bangladesh}, journal = {Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {187}, year = {2003}, chapter = {pp. 96{\textendash}101}, author = {Sack, R B and Siddique, A K and Longini, I M Jr and Nizam, A and Yunus, M and Islam, M S and Morris, J G Jr and Ali, A and Huq, A and Nair, G B and Qadri, F and Faruque, S M and Sack, D A and Colwell, R R} } @article {1427, title = {About Legionellosis (Legionella)}, year = {2015}, url = {https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/legionellosis/basics.html}, author = {Minnesota Department of Health,} } @article {1428, title = {About Pontiac Fever}, year = {2015}, url = {https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/legionellosis/pontiac.html}, author = {Minnesota Department of Health,} } @article {1950, title = {Acanthamoeba spp. as Agents of Disease in Humans}, journal = {Clinical Microbiology Reviews}, volume = {16}, year = {2003}, pages = {273-307}, abstract = {

Acanthamoeba spp. are free-living amebae that inhabit a variety of air, soil, and water environments. However, these amebae can also act as opportunistic as well as nonopportunistic pathogens. They are the causative agents of granulomatous amebic encephalitis and amebic keratitis and have been associated with cutaneous lesions and sinusitis. Immuno compromised individuals, including AIDS patients, are particularly susceptible to infections with Acanthamoeba. The immune defense mechanisms that operate against Acanthamoeba have not been well characterized, but it has been proposed that both innate and acquired immunity play a role. The ameba{\textquoteright}s life cycle includes an active feeding trophozoite stage and a dormant cyst stage. Trophozoites feed on bacteria, yeast, and algae. However, both trophozoites and cysts can retain viable bacteria and may serve as reservoirs for bacteria with human pathogenic potential. Diagnosis of infection includes direct microscopy of wet mounts of cerebrospinal fluid or stained smears of cerebrospinal fluid sediment, light or electron microscopy of tissues, in vitro cultivation of Acanthamoeba, and histological assessment of frozen or paraffin-embedded sections of brain or cutaneous lesion biopsy material. Immunocytochemistry, chemifluorescent dye staining, PCR, and analysis of DNA sequence variation also have been employed for laboratory diagnosis. Treatment of Acanthamoeba infections has met with mixed results. However, chlorhexidine gluconate, alone or in combination with propamidene isethionate, is effective in some patients. Furthermore, effective treatment is complicated since patients may present with underlying disease and Acanthamoeba infection may not be recognized. Since an increase in the number of cases of Acanthamoeba infections has occurred worldwide, these protozoa have become increasingly important as agents of human disease.

}, doi = {10.1128/cmr.16.2.273-307.2003}, url = {https://journals.asm.org/doi/abs/10.1128/cmr.16.2.273-307.2003}, author = {Francine Marciano-Cabral and Guy Cabral} } @article {wm79, title = {Acute renal failure in Rocky Mountain spotted fever}, journal = {Arch. Intern. Med.}, volume = {139}, year = {1979}, pages = {443-448}, author = {Walker, D. H. and W. D. Mattern} } @article {1294, title = {Adenovirus, enterovirus and thermotolerant coliforms in recreational waters from Lake Guaiba beaches, Port Alegre, Brazil}, year = {2015}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2015.277}, url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26608773}, author = {CP Maurer and AB Simonetti and R Steggemeier and C Rigotto and LS Heinzelmann and FR Spilki} } @article {rosete2008adenoviruses, title = {Adenoviruses C in non-hospitalized Mexican children older than five years of age with acute respiratory infection}, journal = {Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz}, volume = {103}, number = {2}, year = {2008}, pages = {195{\textendash}200}, publisher = {SciELO Brasil}, author = {Rosete, Dora P and Manjarrez, Mar{\'\i}a Eugenia and Barr{\'o}n, Blanca L} } @inbook {pretzel2013antiparasitic, title = {Antiparasitic peptides}, booktitle = {Yellow Biotechnology I}, year = {2013}, pages = {157{\textendash}192}, publisher = {Springer}, organization = {Springer}, author = {Pretzel, Jette and Mohring, Franziska and Rahlfs, Stefan and Becker, Katja} } @article {1359, title = {Application of a real-time method for detection of salmonella spp. in shrimp and scallop and its partial validation}, year = {2008}, url = {http://www.unuftp.is/static/fellows/document/murad08prf.pdf}, author = {M Mufty} } @article {hines2014assessment, title = {Assessment of relative potential for Legionella species or surrogates inhalation exposure from common water uses}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {56}, year = {2014}, pages = {203{\textendash}213}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Hines, Stephanie A and Chappie, Daniel J and Lordo, Robert A and Miller, Brian D and Janke, Robert J and Lindquist, H Alan and Fox, Kim R and Ernst, Hiba S and Taft, Sarah C} } @article {medema1996assessment, title = {Assessment of the dose-response relationship of Campylobacter jejuni}, journal = {International journal of food microbiology}, volume = {30}, number = {1-2}, year = {1996}, pages = {101{\textendash}111}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Medema, GJ and Teunis, PFM and Havelaar, AH and Haas, CN} } @article {mthh96, title = {Assessment of the Dose-Response Relationship of Campylobacter jejuni}, journal = {International Journal of Food Microbiology}, volume = {1}, number = {2}, year = {1996}, pages = {101-111}, author = {Medema, G. J. and Teunis, P. F. and Havelaar, A. H. and Haas, C. N.} } @article {tbsotrwcwgbmab10, title = {Assessment of the Duration of Protection in Campylobacter jejuni Experimental Infection in Humans}, journal = {Infection and Immunity}, volume = {78}, year = {2010}, pages = {4}, author = {Tribble, D R and Baqar, S and Scott, D A and Oplinger, M L and Trespalacios, F and Rollins, D and Walker, R I and Clements, J D and Walz, S and Gibbs, P and Burg, E F and Moran, A P and Applebee, L and Bourgeois, A L} } @article {1221, title = {Assessment of the risk of infection by Cryptosporidium or Giardia in drinking water from a surface water source}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {31}, year = {1997}, pages = {1333{\textendash}1346}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0043135496003879}, author = {Teunis, PFM and Medema, GJ and Kruidenier, L and Havelaar, AH} } @article {1878, title = {Association of fecal indicator bacteria with human viruses and microbial source tracking markers at coastal beaches impacted by nonpoint source pollution}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {78}, year = {2012}, pages = {6423{\textendash}6432}, author = {McQuaig, Shannon and Griffith, John and Harwood, Valerie J} } @article {jsaotgtzpmqhfssmgsmghp01, title = {Bioterrorism Related Inhalational Anthrax: The First 10 Cases Reported in the United States}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {7}, year = {2001}, pages = {933-944}, author = {Jernigan, J. A. and Stephens, D. S. and Ashford, D. A. and Omenaca, C. and Topiel, M. S> and Galbraith, M. and Tapper, M. and Zaki, S. and Popovic, T. and Meyer, R. F. and Quinn, C. P. and Harper, S. A. and Fridkin, S. K. and Sejvar, J. J. and Shepard, C. W. and McConnell, M. and Guarner, J. and Sheith, W-j. and Malecki, J. M. and Gerberding, J. L. and Hughes, J. M. and Perkins, B. A.} } @article {1245, title = {Biotic interactions and sunlight affect persistence of fecal indicator bacteria and microbial source tracking genetic markers in the upper Mississippi river}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {80}, year = {2014}, pages = {3952{\textendash}3961}, author = {Korajkic, Asja and McMinn, Brian R and Shanks, Orin C and Sivaganesan, Mano and Fout, G Shay and Ashbolt, Nicholas J} } @article {1213, title = {Boil the water}, journal = {The Lancet}, volume = {334}, year = {1989}, pages = {216}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(89)90397-8}, url = {https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(89)90397-8/fulltext}, author = {Mayon-White, RT and Frankenberg, RA} } @book {mj05, title = {Brock Biology of Microorganisms}, year = {2005}, publisher = {Prentice Hall}, organization = {Prentice Hall}, edition = {11}, doi = {0-13-144329-1}, editor = {Madigan, M. and Martinko J} } @article {1189, title = {On calculating sterility in thermal preservation methods: application of the Weibull frequency distribution model}, journal = {International journal of food microbiology}, volume = {72}, year = {2002}, pages = {107{\textendash}113}, author = {Mafart, Pierre and Couvert, Olivier and Gaillard, St{\'e}phane and Legu{\'e}rinel, Ivan} } @article {pbkwsms05, title = {Cell-Mediated Protection against Pulmonary Yersinia pestis Infection}, journal = {Infection and Immunity}, volume = {73}, year = {2005}, pages = {11}, doi = {10.1128/IAI.73.11.7304-7310.2005}, url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1273885/}, author = {Parent, M A and Berggren, K N and Kummer, L W and Wilhelm, L B and Szaba, F M and Mullarky, I K and Smiley, S T} } @article {mes83, title = {Changes in Iron and Transferrin Levels and Body Temperature in Experimental Airborne Legionellosis}, journal = {The Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {147}, year = {1983}, pages = {2}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/147.2.302}, url = {https://academic.oup.com/jid/article-abstract/147/2/302/967140?redirectedFrom=fulltext\&login=false }, author = {Muller, D and Edwards, M L and Smith, D W} } @article {mes83, title = {Changes in iron and transferrin levels and body temperature in experimental airborne legionellosis.}, journal = {Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {147}, year = {1983}, pages = {302-307}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/30115078}, author = {Muller, D. and M. L. Edwards and D. W. Smith} } @article {muller1983changes, title = {Changes in iron and transferrin levels and body temperature in experimental airborne legionellosis}, journal = {Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {147}, number = {2}, year = {1983}, pages = {302{\textendash}307}, publisher = {The University of Chicago Press}, author = {Muller, Daniel and Edwards, Mark L and Smith, Donald W} } @article {1599, title = {Changes in iron and transferrin levels and body temperature in experimental airborne legionellosis}, journal = {Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {147}, year = {1983}, chapter = {pp. 302-307}, author = {Muller, Daniel and Mark L. Edwards and Donald W. Smith} } @article {1457, title = {Cholera}, journal = {Clinical Microbiology Reviews}, volume = {8}, year = {1995}, chapter = {pp. 48-86}, author = {Kaper, J B and Morris, J G Jr and Levine, M M} } @article {1228, title = {Cholera surveillance during the Haiti epidemic{\textemdash}the first 2 years}, journal = {New England Journal of Medicine}, volume = {368}, year = {2013}, pages = {599{\textendash}609}, doi = {10.1056/NEJMoa1204927}, author = {Barzilay, EJ and Schaad, Nicolas and Magloire, Roc and Mung, KS and Boncy, Jacques and Dahourou, GA and Mintz, ED and Steenland, MW and Vertefeuille, JF and Tappero, JW} } @article {1229, title = {Cholera surveillance during the Haiti epidemic{\textemdash}the first 2 years}, journal = {New England Journal of Medicine}, volume = {368}, year = {2013}, pages = {599{\textendash}609}, author = {Barzilay, Ezra J and Schaad, Nicolas and Magloire, Roc and Mung, Kam S and Boncy, Jacques and Dahourou, Georges A and Mintz, Eric D and Steenland, Maria W and Vertefeuille, John F and Tappero, Jordan W} } @article {1234, title = {Cholera{\textemdash}modern pandemic disease of ancient lineage}, journal = {Emerging infectious diseases}, volume = {17}, year = {2011}, pages = {2099}, doi = {10.3201/eid1711.111109}, url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3310593/}, author = {John Glenn Morris Jr} } @article {rzms06, title = {Clinical and Pathologic Changes in a Guinea Pig Aerosol Challenge Model of Acute Q Fever}, journal = {Infection and Immunity}, volume = {74}, year = {2006}, pages = {11}, author = {Russell-Lodrigue, K. E. and Zhang, G. Q. and McMurray, D. N. and Samuel, J. E.} } @article {1803, title = {Cohort Study of Guinean Children: Incidence, Pathogenicity, Conferred Protection, and Attributable Risk for Enteropathogens during the First 2 Years of Life}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {41}, year = {2003}, pages = {4238{\textendash}4245}, doi = {10.1128/JCM.41.9.4238-4245.2003}, url = {https://journals.asm.org/doi/full/10.1128/JCM.41.9.4238-4245.2003}, author = {Valentiner-Branth, Palle and Steinsland, Hans and Fischer, Thea K. and Perch, Michael and Scheutz, Flemming and Dias, Francisco and Aaby, Peter and M{\o}lbak, K{\r a}re and Sommerfelt, Halvor} } @article {bedard2016combination, title = {Combination of heat shock and enhanced thermal regime to control the growth of a persistent Legionella pneumophila strain}, journal = {Pathogens}, volume = {5}, number = {2}, year = {2016}, pages = {35}, publisher = {Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute}, doi = {10.3390/pathogens5020035}, author = {B{\'e}dard, Emilie and Boppe, In{\`e}s and Kouam{\'e}, Serge and Martin, Philippe and Pinsonneault, Linda and Valiquette, Louis and Racine, Jules and Pr{\'e}vost, Mich{\`e}le} } @article {martinelli2000comparison, title = {A comparison of Legionella pneumophila occurrence in hot water tanks and instantaneous devices in domestic, nosocomial, and community environments}, journal = {Current Microbiology}, volume = {41}, number = {5}, year = {2000}, pages = {374{\textendash}376}, publisher = {Springer}, author = {Martinelli, Fabrizia and Caruso, Arnaldo and Moschini, Lina and Turano, Adolfo and Scarcella, Carmelo and Speziani, Fabrizio} } @article {1647, title = {A comparison of Legionella pneumophila occurrence in hot water tanks and instantaneous devices in domestic, nosocomial, and community environments}, journal = {Current Microbiology}, volume = {41}, year = {2000}, chapter = {pp. 374-376}, author = {Martinelli, Fabrizia} } @article {cfm74, title = {Comparison of the Immune Response to Three Different Yersinia pestis Vaccines in Guinea Pigs and Langurs}, journal = {Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {129}, year = {1974}, author = {Chen, T. H. and Foster, L. E. and Meyer, K. F.} } @book {mcclellan1995concepts, title = {Concepts in inhalation toxicology}, year = {1995}, publisher = {CRC Press}, organization = {CRC Press}, author = {McClellan, Roger O} } @article {yhm10, title = {Cryptosporidiosis Surveillance}, volume = {6}, year = {2010}, pages = {1-23}, url = {http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/pdf/ss/ss5906.pdf}, author = {Yoder, J. S. and Harral, C. and Beach Mj.} } @book {1590, title = {Current Medical Diagnosis \& Treatment}, year = {2008}, pages = {pp. 1250-1252}, publisher = {McGraw-Hill Co}, organization = {McGraw-Hill Co}, edition = {47}, author = {Chambers, H F and McPhee, S J and Papadakis, M A and Tierney, L M} } @article {hwmsdb, title = {De la Macorra F and Corozza FA (1966) Study of induced typhoid fever in man. I. Evaluation of vaccine effectiveness}, journal = {Transactions of the Association of American Physicians}, volume = {79}, year = {Submitted}, pages = {361}, author = {Hornick, R B and Woodward, T E and McCrumb, F R and Snyder, M J and Dawkins, A T and Bulkeley, J T} } @book {hhmxkt06, title = {Deaths: Final Data for National Vital Statistics Reports.}, year = {2006}, publisher = {National Center for Health Statistics}, organization = {National Center for Health Statistics}, url = {http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr57/nvsr57_14.pdf}, author = {Heron, M. and Hoyert, D. and Murphy, S. L. and Xu, J. and Kochanek, K. D. and Tejada-Vera, B.}, editor = {Division of Vital Statistics} } @article {1856, title = {Defective Phagocytosis and Clearance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the Lung Following Bone Marrow Transplantation}, journal = {The Journal of Immunology}, volume = {171}, year = {2003}, month = {2003/10/15/}, pages = {4416 - 4424}, abstract = {

Abstract Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) is an important therapeutic option for a variety of malignant and nonmalignant disorders. Unfortunately, BMT recipients are at increased risk of infection, and in particular, pulmonary complications occur frequently. Although the risk of infection is greatest during the neutropenic period immediately following transplant, patients are still vulnerable to pulmonary infections even after neutrophil engraftment. We evaluated the risk of infection in this postengraftment period by using a well-established mouse BMT model. Seven days after syngeneic BMT, B6D2F1 mice are no longer neutropenic, and by 3 wk, they demonstrate complete reconstitution of the peripheral blood. However, these mice remain more susceptible throughout 8 wk to infection after intratracheal administration of Pseudomonas aeruginosa; increased mortality in the P. aeruginosa-infected BMT mice correlates with increased bacterial burden in the lungs as well as increased systemic dissemination. This heightened susceptibility to infection was not secondary to a defect in inflammatory cell recruitment to the lung. The inability to clear P. aeruginosa in the lung correlated with reduced phagocytosis of the bacteria by alveolar macrophages (AMs), but not neutrophils, decreased production of TNF-α by AMs, and decreased levels of TNF-α and IFN-γ in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid following infection. Expression of the β2 integrins CD11a and CD11c was reduced on AMs from BMT mice compared with wild-type mice. Thus, despite restoration of peripheral blood count, phagocytic defects in the AMs of BMT mice persist and may contribute to the increased risk of infection seen in the postengraftment period.

}, isbn = {0022-1767, 1550-6606}, url = {https://journals.aai.org/jimmunol/article/171/8/4416/35775/Defective-Phagocytosis-and-Clearance-of}, author = {Ojielo, Charles I. and Cooke, Kenneth and Mancuso, Pete and Standiford, Theodore J. and Olkiewicz, Krystyna M. and Clouthier, Shawn and Corrion, Leigh and Ballinger, Megan N. and Toews, Galen B. and Paine, Robert and Moore, Bethany B.} } @article {1917, title = {Defective phagocytosis and clearance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the lung following bone marrow transplantation}, journal = {The Journal of Immunology}, volume = {171}, year = {2003}, pages = {4416{\textendash}4424}, author = {Ojielo, Charles I and Cooke, Kenneth and Mancuso, Pete and Standiford, Theodore J and Olkiewicz, Krystyna M and Clouthier, Shawn and Corrion, Leigh and Ballinger, Megan N and Toews, Galen B and Paine, Robert and others} } @article {1617, title = {Detection of Toxoplasma gondii-like oocysts in cat feces and estimates of the environmental oocyst burden}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {231}, year = {2007}, chapter = {pp. 1676-1684}, author = {Dabritz, H A and Miller, M A and Atwill, E R and Gardner, I A and Leutenegger, C M and Melli, A C and Conrad, P A} } @article {1949, title = {Development of a dose{\textendash}response model for Naegleria fowleri}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {17}, year = {2018}, month = {10}, pages = {63-71}, abstract = {

{This study develops novel dose{\textendash}response models for Naegleria fowleri from selected peer-reviewed experiments on the virulence based on the intranasal exposure pathway. One data set measured the response of mice intranasally inoculated with the amebae and the other study addressed the response of mice swimming in N. fowleri infected water. The measured response for both studies was death. All experimental data were best fit by the beta-Poisson dose{\textendash}response model. The three swimming experiments could be pooled, and this is the final recommended model with an LD50 of 13,257 amebae. The results of this study provide a better estimate of the probability of the risk to N. fowleri exposure than the previous models developed based on an intravenous exposure. An accurate dose{\textendash}response model is the first step in quantifying the risk of free-living amebae like N. fowleri, which pose risks in recreational environments and have been detected in drinking water and premise plumbing systems. A better understanding of this risk will allow for risk management that limits the ability for pathogen growth, proliferation, and exposure.}

}, issn = {1477-8920}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2018.181}, url = {https://doi.org/10.2166/wh.2018.181}, author = {Dean, Kara and Weir, Mark H. and Mitchell, Jade} } @article {weir2017development, title = {Development of a microbial dose response visualization and modelling application for QMRA modelers and educators}, journal = {Environmental Modelling \& Software}, volume = {88}, year = {2017}, pages = {74{\textendash}83}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Weir, Mark H and Mitchell, Jade and Flynn, William and Pope, Joanna M} } @book {wmfp, title = {Development of a Microbial Dose Response Visualization and Modelling Application for QMRA Modelers and Educators}, year = {2016}, publisher = {Environmental Modelling and Software}, organization = {Environmental Modelling and Software}, author = {Weir, M. H. and Mitchell, J. and Flynn, W. B. and Pope, J. M.} } @article {1514, title = {Developmental cycle of Coxiella burnetii: Structure and morphogenesis of vegetative and sporogenic differentiations}, journal = {Journal of Bacteriology}, volume = {147}, year = {1981}, chapter = {pp. 1063-1076}, author = {McCaul, T F and Williams, J C} } @article {gabdfamp86, title = {Diarrhoea in Mice Infected with a Human Rotavirus}, journal = {Journal of General Virology}, volume = {67}, year = {1986}, pages = {3}, author = {Gouvea, V. S. and Alencar, A. A. and Barth, O. M. and Castro L. de and Fialho, A. M. and Ara{\~A}{\textordmasculine}jo, H. P. and Majerowicz, S. and Pereira, H. G.} } @article {1676, title = {Dinamica Microbianadel pre tratamiento termico/digestion anaerobia para la produccion de biosolidos clase A}, year = {2013}, url = {https://smbb.mx/congresos\%20smbb/acapulco09/TRABAJOS/AREA_IV/CIV-72.pdf}, author = {SM Magos-Navarro} } @article {1312, title = {Discharge -based QMRA for estimation of public health risks from exposure to stormwater -borne pathogens in recreational waters in the United States}, year = {2013}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043135413004922}, author = {GB McBride} } @article {1740, title = {Discharge-based QMRA for estimation of public health risks from exposure to stormwater-borne pathogens in recreational waters in the United States}, year = {2013}, url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23863377}, author = {GB McBride and R Stott and W Miller and D Bambic and S Wuertz} } @article {1523, title = {Disinfection by-products in Finnish drinking waters}, journal = {Chemosphere}, volume = {48}, year = {2002}, chapter = {pp. 9-20}, author = {Nissinen, T K and I T Miettinen and P J Martikainen and T Vartiainen} } @article {1821, title = {A dose response model for the inhalation route of exposure to {P}. aeruginosa}, journal = {Microbial Risk Analysis}, volume = {15}, year = {2020}, pages = {100115}, abstract = {

This study develops a dose response model for Pseudomonas aeruginosa for the inhalation route of exposure using pre-existing data. P. aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen capable of causing community and hospital-acquired lung infections. As such, a dose response model for this route of exposure is needed to assess risks posed by the inhalation of aerosols from showers, humidifiers, or hot tubs contaminated with P. aeruginosa. Single-hit theory models traditionally used for dose response modeling did not provide significant fits to the limited available data. The multi-hit dose response model operates under the cooperativity theory and did provide a significant fit, suggesting that a single P. aeruginosa bacterium is not sufficient to initiate a pulmonary infection in an immunocompetent host. A hierarchical Bayesian analysis was used to benchmark this model against additional dose response experiments and results further suggested that the multi-hit model may better represent the dose response behavior for this exposure route. The best fitting model has an LD50 of 2,588,047 Colony Forming Units. This model can be used to quantify risk in inhalation exposure scenarios, however, due to the limited amount of primary data, it is especially important for any future risk assessment to analyze the impact that using different dose response models may have on the final risk estimates and recommended control measures.

}, issn = {23523522}, doi = {10.1016/j.mran.2020.100115}, url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2352352220300219}, author = {Dean, Kara and Mitchell, Jade} } @article {1853, title = {A dose response model for the inhalation route of exposure to P. aeruginosa}, journal = {Microbial Risk Analysis}, volume = {15}, year = {2020}, month = {2020/08//}, pages = {100115}, abstract = {

This study develops a dose response model for Pseudomonas aeruginosa for the inhalation route of exposure using pre-existing data. P. aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen capable of causing community and hospital-acquired lung infections. As such, a dose response model for this route of exposure is needed to assess risks posed by the inhalation of aerosols from showers, humidifiers, or hot tubs contaminated with P. aeruginosa. Single-hit theory models traditionally used for dose response modeling did not provide significant fits to the limited available data. The multi-hit dose response model operates under the cooperativity theory and did provide a significant fit, suggesting that a single P. aeruginosa bacterium is not sufficient to initiate a pulmonary infection in an immunocompetent host. A hierarchical Bayesian analysis was used to benchmark this model against additional dose response experiments and results further suggested that the multi-hit model may better represent the dose response behavior for this exposure route. The best fitting model has an LD50 of 2,588,047 Colony Forming Units. This model can be used to quantify risk in inhalation exposure scenarios, however, due to the limited amount of primary data, it is especially important for any future risk assessment to analyze the impact that using different dose response models may have on the final risk estimates and recommended control measures.

}, isbn = {23523522}, url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2352352220300219}, author = {Dean, Kara and Mitchell, Jade} } @article {mcmsobdrdm84, title = {Dose Response of Cold-Adapted, Reassortant Influenza A/California/10/78 Virus (H1N1) in Adult Volunteers}, journal = {Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {149}, year = {1984}, pages = {5}, url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6726007}, author = {Murphy, B R and Clements, M L and Madore, H P and Steinberg, J and O{\textquoteright}Donnell, S and Betts, R and Demico, D and Reichman, R C and Dolin, R and Maassab, H F} } @article {mctbsc85, title = {Dose Response of Influenza A/Washington/897/80 (H3N2) Avian-Human Reassortant Virus in Adult Volunteers}, journal = {The Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {152}, year = {1985}, pages = {1}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/30104663?seq=1$\#$page_scan_tab_contents}, author = {Murphy, B R and Clements, M L and Tierney, E L and Black, R E and Stienberg, J and Chanock, R M} } @article {stawmrmd08, title = {Dose-Response Model for Listeria monocytogenes-Induced Stillbirths in Nonhuman Primates}, journal = {Infection and Immunity}, volume = {76}, year = {2008}, pages = {2}, author = {Smith, M A and Takeuchi, K and Anderson, G and Ware, G O and McClure, H M and Raybourne, R B and Mytle, N and Doyle, M P} } @article {wicm, title = {Dose-Response of Listeria monocytogenes after Oral Exposure in Pregnant Guinea Pigs}, journal = {Journal of Food Protection}, volume = {70}, year = {Submitted}, pages = {5}, author = {Williams, D and Irvin, E A and Chmielewski, R A and Frank J F (May)} } @book {1469, title = {Drinking Water Safety in the 21st Century}, author = {Coulliete, A D and Alan-Yillmaz, A and Dreelin, E A and McNinch, R M and Fong, T T and Rose, J B} } @article {1826, title = {Effect of dose and a comparison of measures of vaccine take for oral rhesus rotavirus vaccine. The Maryland Clinical Studies Group.}, journal = {The Pediatric infectious disease journal}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {339{\textendash}344}, author = {Pichichero, Michael E and Losonsky, GENEVIEVE A and Rennels, MARGARET B and Disney, FRANK A and Green, JOHN L and Francis, ANNE B and Marsocci, STEVEN M} } @article {1747, title = {Effects of Nosema apis infection on honey bee (Apis mellifera)}, year = {1998}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022201197947157}, author = {LA Malonea and HS Gatehouse} } @article {1217, title = {Enumeration of Campylobacter in New Zealand recreational and drinking waters}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {91}, year = {2001}, pages = {38{\textendash}46}, doi = {10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01337.x}, url = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11442712/ }, author = {Savill, MG and Hudson, JA and Ball, A and Klena, JD and Scholes, P and Whyte, RJ and McCormick, RE and Jankovic, D} } @article {1235, title = {Environmental and epidemiological surveillance of Vibrio cholerae in a cholera-endemic region in India with freshwater environs}, journal = {Journal of applied microbiology}, volume = {112}, year = {2012}, pages = {225{\textendash}237}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.05191.x}, author = {Mishra, A and Taneja, N and Sharma, M} } @article {1329, title = {Environmental and epidemiological surveillance of Vibrio cholerae in a cholera-endemic region in India with freshwater environs}, year = {2011}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.05191.x}, author = {A Mishra and N Taneja and M Sharma} } @article {1429, title = {Estimating the Incidence of Waterborne Infectious Disease Related to Drinking Water in the United States}, journal = {Assessing and Managing Health Risks from Drinking Water Contamination: Approaches and Applications}, volume = {2015}, year = {1995}, edition = {IAHS publ. no. 233: pp. 75-88}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242555053_Estimating_the_incidence_of_waterborne_infectious_disease_related_to_drinking_water_in_the_United_States}, author = {R.D. Morris and R. Levin} } @article {1693, title = {Estimation of Ascaris infection risks in children under 15 from the consumption of wastewater-irrigated carrots.}, year = {2010}, url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20009245}, author = {D Mara} } @article {1343, title = {e-Study Guide for: Medical Microbiology}, year = {2012}, url = {https://books.google.com/books?id=EqRIeGvrmgcC\&pg=PT8\&lpg=PT8\&dq=e-Study+Guide+for:+Medical+Microbiology+cram+101\&source=bl\&ots=CcZazmYbik\&sig=ACfU3U32KKR1Mv2czxfO0H8C9RP1nQRFgw\&hl=en\&sa=X\&ved=2ahUKEwjV5vekn8PhAhUP24MKHciKCuEQ6AEwBXoECAgQAQ$\#$v=onepage\&q=e-}, author = {P Murray} } @article {1477, title = {Evaluation of the Effect of Temperature on the Die-Off Rate for Cryptosporidium parvum Oocysts in Water, Soils, and Feces}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {74}, year = {2008}, chapter = {pp. 7101-7107}, author = {Peng, X and Murphy, T and N M Holden} } @article {me51, title = {Experimental Human Salmonellosis: I. Pathogenicity of Strains of Salmonella Meleagridis and Salmonella Anatum Obtained from Spray-Dried Whole Egg}, journal = {Oxford Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {88}, year = {1951}, chapter = {278{\textendash}289}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/88.3.278}, author = {McCullough, NB and Elsele, CW} } @article {1253, title = {Experimental human salmonellosis: I. Pathogenicity of strains of Salmonella meleagridis and Salmonella anatum obtained from spray-dried whole egg}, journal = {Oxford Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {88}, year = {1951}, chapter = {278-289}, doi = {10.1093/infdis/88.3.278}, author = {McCullough, NB and Elsele, CW} } @article {1690, title = {Experimental human salmonellosis I. Pathogenicity of strains of Salmonella meleagridis and Salmonella anatum obtained from spray dried whole egg}, year = {1951}, url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14850755}, author = {NB McCullough} } @article {me51, title = {Experimental human salmonellosis. II. Immunity studies following experimental illness with Salmonella meleagridis and Salmonella anatum}, journal = {Journal of immunology}, volume = {66}, number = {5}, year = {1951}, pages = {595-608}, author = {McCullough, N. B. and Eisele, C. W.} } @article {me51, title = {Experimental human salmonellosis: III. Pathogenicity of strains of Salmonella newport, Salmonella derby, and Salmonella bareilly obtained from spray-dried whole egg}, journal = {The Journal of infectious diseases :}, year = {1951}, pages = {209-213}, author = {McCullough, Norman B. and C. Wesley Eisele} } @article {1691, title = {Experimental human salmonellosis. IV. Pathogenicity of strains of Salmonella pullorum obtained from spray-dried whole egg}, year = {1951}, url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14888950}, author = {NB McCullough} } @article {pkm86, title = {Experimental infection of infant rabbits with verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli}, journal = {Infection and Immunity}, volume = {51}, year = {1986}, pages = {1}, author = {Pai, C. H. and Kelly, J. K. and Meyers, G. L.} } @article {apml80, title = {Experimental infection of mice with Listeria monocytogenes and L. innocua}, journal = {Annales de microbiologie.}, volume = {131}, year = {1980}, author = {Audurier, A and Pardon, P and Marly, J and Lantier, F} } @article {smk71, title = {Experimental Staphylococcus aureus infections in humans}, journal = {Journal of Investigative Dermatology}, volume = {57}, number = {3}, year = {1971}, pages = {149-162}, doi = {10.1111/1523-1747.ep12261498}, url = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4937674/}, author = {Singh, Gurmohan and Richard R. Marples and Albert M. Kligman} } @inbook {gwc78, title = {Fatal viscerotropic Rocky Mountain spotted fever: report of a case diagnosed by immunofluorescence}, year = {1978}, pages = {523-528}, address = {64}, author = {Green, W. R. and D. H. Walker and B. G. Cain}, editor = {Am. J. Med} } @article {1873, title = {Fecal indicators in sand, sand contact, and risk of enteric illness among beachgoers}, journal = {Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.)}, volume = {23}, year = {2012}, pages = {95}, author = {Heaney, Christopher D and Sams, Elizabeth and Dufour, Alfred P and Brenner, Kristen P and Haugland, Richard A and Chern, Eunice and Wing, Steve and Marshall, Stephen and Love, David C and Serre, Marc and others} } @article {cmpgpvhkd88, title = {Field trial of rhesus rotavirus vaccine in infants}, journal = {The Pediatric infectious disease journal}, volume = {7}, year = {1988}, pages = {9}, author = {Christy, C. and Madore, H. P. and Pichichero, M. 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Risk Analysis}, year = {2014}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Michael_Messner/publication/261568942_Fractional_Poisson-A_Simple_Dose-Response_Model_for_Human_Norovirus/links/5b85336f92851c1e123704a8/Fractional-Poisson-A-Simple-Dose-Response-Model-for-Human-Norovirus.pdf}, author = {MJ Messner} } @article {thomas2010free, title = {Free-living amoebae and their intracellular pathogenic microorganisms: risks for water quality}, journal = {FEMS microbiology reviews}, volume = {34}, number = {3}, year = {2010}, pages = {231{\textendash}259}, publisher = {Blackwell Publishing Ltd Oxford, UK}, author = {Thomas, Vincent and McDonnell, Gerald and Denyer, Stephen P and Maillard, Jean-Yves} } @article {aac91, title = {Fulminant amebic colitis}, journal = {World J Surg.}, volume = {15}, number = {2}, year = {1991}, month = {Mar-Apr}, url = {http://www.springerlink.com/content/h55334242p614017/fulltext.pdf}, author = {Aristiz{\'a}bal, H. and Acevedo, J. and Botero M.} } @article {1182, title = {General model, based on two mixed Weibull distributions of bacterial resistance, for describing various shapes of inactivation curves}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {72}, year = {2006}, pages = {6493{\textendash}6502}, author = {Coroller, Louis and Legu{\'e}rinel, Ivan and Mettler, Eric and Savy, Nicolas and Mafart, Pierre} } @article {guidi1999germination, title = {Germination of Bacillus anthracis spores within alveolar macrophages}, journal = {Molecular microbiology}, volume = {31}, number = {1}, year = {1999}, pages = {9{\textendash}17}, publisher = {Wiley Online Library}, author = {Guidi-Rontani, Chantal and Weber-Levy, Martine and Labruyere, Elisabeth and Mock, Mich{\`e}le} } @book {1512, title = {Global burden of disease and risk factors}, year = {2006}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, organization = {Oxford University Press}, address = {New York}, author = {Lopez, D A and Mathers, D C} } @article {1806, title = {Global Illness and Deaths Caused by Rotavirus Disease in Children}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {9}, year = {2003}, pages = {565{\textendash}572}, abstract = {To estimate the global illness and deaths caused by rotavirus disease, we reviewed studies published from 1986 to 2000 on deaths caused by diarrhea and on rotavirus infections in children. We assessed rotavirus-associated illness in three clinical settings (mild cases requiring home care alone, moderate cases requiring a clinic visit, and severe cases requiring hospitalization) and death rates in countries in different World Bank income groups. Each year, rotavirus causes approximately 111 million episodes of gastroenteritis requiring only home care, 25 million clinic visits, 2 million hospitalizations, and 352,000{\textendash}592,000 deaths (median, 440,000 deaths) in children {\textless}5 years of age. By age 5, nearly every child will have an episode of rotavirus gastroenteritis, 1 in 5 will visit a clinic, 1 in 60 will be hospitalized, and approximately 1 in 293 will die. Children in the poorest countries account for 82\% of rotavirus deaths. The tremendous incidence of rotavirus disease underscores the urgent need for interventions, such as vaccines, to prevent childhood deaths in developing nations.}, issn = {1080-6040}, doi = {10.3201/eid0905.020562}, url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2972763/}, author = {Parashar, Umesh D. and Hummelman, Erik G. and Bresee, Joseph S. and Miller, Mark A. and Glass, Roger I.} } @article {cm10, title = {Global trends in typhoid and paratyphoid Fever}, journal = {Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America}, volume = {50}, number = {2}, year = {2010}, pages = {241-246}, url = {http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/50/2/241.full.pdf+html}, author = {Crump, J A and Mintz, E D} } @article {m99, title = {Grid-group cultural theory: an introduction}, journal = {GeoJournal.}, volume = {47}, year = {1999}, pages = {3}, author = {Mamadouh, V.} } @article {amk04, title = {Heavy rainfall and waterborne disease outbreaks: the Walkerton example. 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J.} } @article {cwhctltdam07, title = {Immune response, ciprofloxacin activity, and gender differences after human experimental challenge by two strains of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli}, journal = {Infection and immunity}, volume = {75}, year = {2007}, pages = {1}, author = {Coster, T S and Wolf, M K and Hall, E R and Cassels, F J and Taylor, D N and Liu, C T and Trespalacios, F C and DeLorimier, A and Angleberger, D R and McQueen, C E} } @article {ombkpj06, title = {Immunological and Molecular Characterization of Susceptibility in Relationship to Bacterial Strain Differences in Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis Infection in the Red Deer (Cervus elaphus)}, journal = {Infection and Immunity}, volume = {74}, year = {2006}, pages = {6}, author = {O{\^a}€™Brien, R. and Mackintosh, C. G. and Bakker, D. and Kopecna, M. and Pavlik, I. and Griffin Jft} } @article {ombkpg06, title = {Immunological and molecular characterization of susceptibility in relationship to bacterial strain differences in Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection in the red deer (Cervus elaphus)}, journal = {Infection and Immunity}, volume = {74}, year = {2006}, pages = {3530}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16714585}, author = {O{\textquoteright}Brien, R and Mackintosh, C G and Bakker, D and Kopecna, M and Pavlik, I and Griffin, J F} } @article {1717, title = {Immunology of Norovirus Infection}, year = {2008}, url = {https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007\%2F978-1-4020-8412-6_9}, author = {JS Leon and M Souza and W Qiuhong and ER Smith and LJ Saif and CL Moe} } @article {hassan2010incidence, title = {Incidence, risk factors and clinical epidemiology of melioidosis: a complex socio-ecological emerging infectious disease in the Alor Setar region of Kedah, Malaysia}, journal = {BMC infectious diseases}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, year = {2010}, pages = {302}, publisher = {BioMed Central}, author = {Hassan, Muhammad RA and Pani, Subhada P and Peng, Ng P and Voralu, Kirtanaa and Vijayalakshmi, Natesan and Mehanderkar, Ranjith and Aziz, Norasmidar A and Michael, Edwin} } @article {hppvvmam10, title = {Incidence, risk factors and clinical epidemiology of melioidosis: a complex socio-ecological emerging infectious disease in the Alor Setar region of Kedah, Malaysia}, journal = {BMC Infectious Diseases}, volume = {10}, year = {2010}, pages = {302}, url = {http://www.biomedcentral.com.proxy2.cl.msu.edu/content/pdf/1471-2334-10-302.pdf}, author = {Muhammad R. A. Hassan and Subhada P. Pani and Ng P. Peng and Kirtanaa Voralu and Natesan Vijayalakshmi and Ranjith Mehanderkar and Norasmidar A. Aziz and Edwin Michael} } @article {1594, title = {Increased Cases of Legionnaires Disease Investigated in Genesee County}, year = {2015}, author = {Michigan Department of Health and Human Services,} } @article {1398, title = {India Dairy and Products Annual 2013}, year = {2013}, url = {http://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent\%20GAIN\%20Publications/Dairy\% 20and\%20Products\%20Annual_New\%20Delhi_India_10-11-2013.pd}, author = {R Mani and A Mustard} } @article {qmf56, title = {Infectivity of Tularemia Applied to Intact Skin and Ingested in Drinking Water}, journal = {Science}, volume = {123}, number = {3204}, year = {1956}, pages = {942-943}, author = {Quan, S F and McManus, A G and H von Fintel} } @article {qmf56, title = {Infectivity of tularemia applied to intact skin and ingested in drinking water}, journal = {Science}, volume = {123}, year = {1956}, pages = {942-3}, author = {Quan, S. F. and A. G. McManus and H. Von Finte.} } @article {bravata2007inhalational, title = {Inhalational, gastrointestinal, and cutaneous anthrax in children: a systematic review of cases: 1900 to 2005}, journal = {Archives of pediatrics \& adolescent medicine}, volume = {161}, number = {9}, year = {2007}, pages = {896{\textendash}905}, publisher = {American Medical Association}, author = {Bravata, Dena M and Holty, Jon-Erik C and Wang, Ewen and Lewis, Robyn and Wise, Paul H and McDonald, Kathryn M and Owens, Douglas K} } @inbook {bhwlwmo07, title = {Inhalational, Gastrointestinal, and Cutaneous Anthrax in Children}, booktitle = {Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med}, year = {2007}, pages = {896-905}, publisher = {[Full Text}, organization = {[Full Text}, address = {161 (9)}, url = {http://archpedi.ama-assn.org/cgi/reprint/161/9/896.pdf}, author = {Bravata, D. and Holty, J. and Wang, E. and Lewis, R. and Wise, P. and Mcdonald, K. and Owen, D.} } @book {mb03, title = {International handbook of foodborne pathogens}, volume = {125}, year = {2003}, publisher = {CRC Press}, organization = {CRC Press}, author = {Miliotis, Marianne D and Jeffrey W Bier} } @book {miliotis_international_2003, title = {International handbook of foodborne pathogens}, series = {Food science and technology}, number = {125}, year = {2003}, note = {OCLC: ocm52293438}, publisher = {M. Dekker}, organization = {M. Dekker}, address = {New York}, keywords = {etc, Foodborne diseases, Handbooks, manuals}, isbn = {978-0-8247-0685-2}, editor = {Miliotis, Marianne D. and Bier, Jeffrey W.} } @article {moore2006introduction, title = {Introduction of monochloramine into a municipal water system: impact on colonization of buildings by Legionella spp.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {72}, number = {1}, year = {2006}, pages = {378{\textendash}383}, publisher = {Am Soc Microbiol}, author = {Moore, Matthew R and Pryor, Marsha and Fields, Barry and Lucas, Claressa and Phelan, Maureen and Besser, Richard E} } @article {1641, title = {Introduction of monochloramine into a municipal water system: impact on colonization of buildings by Legionella spp}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {72}, year = {2006}, chapter = {pp. 378-383}, author = {Moore, Matthew R} } @article {mjdsw85, title = {Lack of correlation between known virulence properties of Aeromonas hydrophila and enteropathogenicity for humans}, journal = {Infection and Immunity}, volume = {50}, year = {1985}, pages = {1}, author = {Morgan, D. R. and Johnson, P. C. and DuPont, H. L. and Satterwhite, T. K. and Wood, L. V.} } @article {1447, title = {Large outbreak of clinical cholera due to V. cholerae non-O1 in Bangladesh}, journal = {Lancet; 341:704}, year = {1993}, author = {Albert MJ and Siddique AK and Islam MS and Faruque AS and Ansaruzzaman M and Faruque SM} } @article {pmlelb, title = {Le Pendu J and Calderon RL (2008) Norwalk virus: How infectious is it?}, journal = {Journal of Medical Virology}, volume = {80}, year = {Submitted}, pages = {8}, author = {Teunis Pfm and Moe, C. L. and Liu, P. and E. Miller, S and Lindesmith, L. and Baric, R. S.} } @article {zhang2009legionella, title = {Legionella control by chlorine dioxide in hospital water systems}, journal = {American Water Works Association. Journal}, volume = {101}, number = {5}, year = {2009}, pages = {117}, publisher = {American Water Works Association}, author = {Zhang, Zhe and McCann, Carole and Hanrahan, Jennifer and Jencson, Annette and Joyce, Daniel and Fyffe, Steven and Piesczynski, Steve and Hawks, Robert and Stout, Janet E and Victor, L Yu and others} } @article {stout2004legionella, title = {Legionella in residential water systems}, journal = {Ashrae Journal}, volume = {46}, number = {5}, year = {2004}, pages = {52}, publisher = {American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers, Inc.}, author = {Stout, Janet E and Muder, Robert R} } @article {1654, title = {Legionella in residential water systems}, journal = {Ashrae Journal}, volume = {46}, year = {2004}, chapter = {p. 52}, author = {Stout, Janet E and Robert R. Muder} } @article {borella2004legionella, title = {Legionella infection risk from domestic hot water}, journal = {Emerging infectious diseases}, volume = {10}, number = {3}, year = {2004}, pages = {457}, publisher = {Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}, author = {Borella, Paola and Montagna, M Teresa and Romano-Spica, Vincenzo and Stampi, Serena and Stancanelli, Giovanna and Triassi, Maria and Neglia, Rachele and Marchesi, Isabella and Fantuzzi, Guglielmina and Tat{\`o}, Daniela and others} } @book {hm08, title = {Legionella: Molecular Microbiology}, year = {2008}, note = {ISBN 978-1-904455-26-4}, publisher = {Caister Academic Press}, organization = {Caister Academic Press}, author = {Heuner, K. and Swanson M} } @article {yang2012legionella, title = {Legionella nagasakiensis sp. nov., isolated from water samples and from a patient with pneumonia}, journal = {International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology}, volume = {62}, number = {2}, year = {2012}, pages = {284{\textendash}288}, publisher = {Microbiology Society}, author = {Yang, Genyan and Benson, Robert F and Ratcliff, Rodney M and Brown, Ellen W and Steigerwalt, Arnold G and Thacker, W Lanier and Daneshvar, Maryam I and Morey, Roger E and Saito, Atsushi and Fields, Barry S} } @article {1928, title = {Liposome encapsulation of clofazimine reduces toxicity in vitro and in vivo and improves therapeutic efficacy in the beige mouse model of disseminated Mycobacterium avium-M. intracellulare complex infection}, journal = {Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy}, volume = {40}, year = {1996}, pages = {1893-1902}, abstract = {

Disseminated infections caused by the Mycobacterium avium-M. intracellulare complex (MAC) are the most frequent opportunistic bacterial infections in patients with AIDS. MAC isolates are resistant to many of the standard antituberculous drugs. Failure to obtain significant activities of certain drugs is due to difficulty in achieving high concentrations at the sites where the infections reside. New and improved agents for the treatment of mycobacterial infections are therefore required. Earlier, the anti-MAC activities of various agents in free or liposomal form were studied; liposomes were used as drug carriers to ultimately target the drugs to macrophages where mycobacterial infections reside. Clofazimine was chosen for further studies because it could be effectively encapsulated and its activity was well maintained in liposomal form. The present studies with both erythrocytes and macrophages as the model systems show that liposomal drug is far less toxic in vitro than the free drug. The in vivo toxicity of clofazimine was also significantly reduced after liposome encapsulation. The therapeutic efficacies of free and liposomal drugs were compared in a beige mouse model of disseminated MAC infection. An equivalent dose of liposomal drug (10 mg/kg of body weight) was more effective in eliminating the bacterial from the various organs studied, particularly from the liver. Moreover, because of the reduced toxicity of liposomal drug, higher doses could be administered, resulting in a significant reduction in the numbers of CFU in the liver, spleen, and kidneys. The data demonstrate that liposomal clofazimine is highly effective in the treatment of MAC infections, even if the treatment is initiated after a disseminated infection has been established. The present studies thus suggest the potential usefulness of liposomal clofazimine for the treatment of disseminated MAC infections.

}, doi = {10.1128/aac.40.8.1893}, url = {https://journals.asm.org/doi/abs/10.1128/aac.40.8.1893}, author = {R T Mehta} } @article {1918, title = {Lung function and inflammation during murine Pseudomonas aeruginosa airway infection}, journal = {Immunobiology}, volume = {216}, year = {2011}, pages = {901{\textendash}908}, author = {W{\"o}lbeling, Florian and Munder, Antje and Kerber-Momot, Tanja and Neumann, Detlef and Hennig, Christian and Hansen, Gesine and T{\"u}mmler, Burkhard and Baumann, Ulrich} } @article {1776, title = { A Massive Outbreak in Milwaukee of Cryptosporidium Infection Transmitted through the Public Water Supply}, year = {1994}, url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7818640}, author = {WR MacKenzie and NJ Hoxie and ME Proctor and MS Gradus and KA Blair and DE Peterson and JJ Kazmierczak and DG Addiss} } @book {1231, title = {Medical microbiology: Mosby Inc}, year = {2009}, url = {https://www.elsevier.com/books/medical-microbiology/murray/978-0-323-67322-8}, author = {Murray, PR and Rosenthal, KS and Pfaller, MA} } @article {1880, title = {Microbiological quality assessment of sand and water from three selected beaches of South Coast, Sao Paulo State, Brazil}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {66}, year = {2012}, pages = {2475{\textendash}2482}, author = {Pinto, KC and Hachich, EM and Sato, MIZ and Di Bari, M and Coelho, MCLS and Matte, Maria Helena and Lamparelli, CC and Razzolini, Maria Tereza Pepe} } @article {1464, title = {Microbiological surveillance of intra-neighbourhood El Tor cholera transmission in rural Bangladesh}, journal = {Bulletin of World Health Organization}, volume = {58}, year = {1980}, chapter = {pp. 731-7409}, author = {Spira W M and Khan M U and Saeed Y A and Sattar M A} } @article {pm90, title = {Minimal infective dose of the OSU strain of porcine rotavirus}, journal = {Archives of virology}, volume = {112}, year = {1990}, pages = {3-4}, author = {Payment, P and Morin, E} } @article {1184, title = {Modeling non-linear survival curves to calculate thermal inactivation of Salmonella in poultry of different fat levels}, journal = {International journal of food microbiology}, volume = {70}, year = {2001}, pages = {37{\textendash}51}, author = {Juneja, VK and Eblen, BS and Marks, HM} } @article {1800, title = {Modeling the Dose Response Relationship of Waterborne Acanthamoeba}, journal = {Risk Analysis}, volume = {41}, year = {2021}, doi = {10.1111/risa.13603}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/risa.13603}, author = {Dean, Kara and Tamrakar, Sushil and Huang, Yin and Rose, Joan and Mitchell, Jade} } @article {1819, title = {Modeling the {Dose} {Response} {Relationship} of {Waterborne} {{Acanthamoeba}}, journal = {Risk Analysis}, volume = {41}, year = {2021}, pages = {79{\textendash}91}, issn = {0272-4332, 1539-6924}, doi = {10.1111/risa.13603}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/risa.13603}, author = {Dean, Kara and Tamrakar, Sushil and Huang, Yin and Rose, Joan B. and Mitchell, Jade} } @article {1480, title = {Modelling the sewage discharge and dispersion of cryptosporidium and giardia in surface water}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {35}, year = {2001}, chapter = {pp. 4307-4316}, author = {Medema, G J and Schijven, J F} } @article {1701, title = {Molecular epidemiology of noroviruses associated with acute sporadic gastroenteritis in children: Global distribution of genogroups, genotypes and GII.4 variants}, year = {2013}, url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23218993}, author = {TNE Tran and E Trainor and T Makagomi} } @article {1574, title = {Molecules to modeling: Toxoplasma gondii oocysts at the human-animal-environment interface}, journal = {Communitive Immunology Microbiology \& Infectious Disease}, volume = {36}, year = {2013}, chapter = {pp. 217-231}, author = {Vanwormer, E and Fritz, H and Shapiro, K and Mazet, J A and Conrad, P A} } @article {abmzhrhlsdgblwmpfl06, title = {Murine Hepatitis Virus Strain 1 Produces a Clinically Relevant Model of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome in A/J Mice}, journal = {Journal of Virology}, volume = {80}, year = {2006}, pages = {21}, doi = {10.1128/JVI.00747-06}, url = {http://jvi.asm.org/content/80/21/10382.abstract}, author = {Albuquerque, N D and Baig, E and Ma, X and Zhang, J and He, W and Rowe, A and Habal, M and Liu, M and Shalev, I and Downey, G P and Gorczynski, R and Butany, J and Leibowitz, J and Weiss, S R and McGilvray, I D and Phillips, M J and Fish, E N and Levy, G A} } @article {1805, title = {Naegleria and {Acanthamoeba} {Infections}: {Review}}, journal = {Reviews of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {12}, year = {1990}, pages = {490{\textendash}513}, abstract = {

Infections caused by small, free-living amebas are still unfamiliar to many clinicians, pathologists, and laboratorians. As of 31 July 1989, more than 140 cases of primary amebic meningoencephalitis caused by Naegleria fowleri and more than 40 cases of granulomatous amebic encephalitis caused by Acanthamoeba species (including two cases in patients with AIDS) and possibly by other free-living amebas had occurred worldwide. The recent increase in acanthamoeba keratitis (more than 200 cases), especially in contact lens wearers, has generated new interest in this group of amebas. Effective treatment is still lacking. Risk factors, clinical manifestations, and laboratory parameters helpful in the recognition of infections of the central nervous system (i.e., granulomatous amebic encephalitis and primary amebic meningoencephalitis) and acanthamoeba keratitis are reviewed.

}, issn = {0162-0886}, url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/4455558}, author = {Ma, Pearl and Visvesvara, Govinda S. and Martinez, Augusto J. and Theodore, Frederick H. and Daggett, Pierre-Marc and Sawyer, Thomas K.} } @article {mhmcst06, title = {National Surveillance and the Epidemiology of Human Q Fever in the United States, 1978-2004}, journal = {The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {1}, number = {75}, year = {2006}, pages = {36-40}, url = {http://www.ajtmh.org/content/75/1/36.full}, author = {McQUISTON, J. H. and Holman, R. C. and McCALL, C. L. and Childs, J. E. and Swerdlow, D. L. and Thompson, H. A.} } @article {mn86, title = {Natural history of Rickettsia rickettsii}, journal = {Annu. Rev. Microbiol.}, volume = {40}, year = {1986}, pages = {287-309}, author = {McDade, J. E. and V. F. 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Price} } @article {1275, title = {Nontyphoidal Salmonella from human clinical cases, asymptomatic children, and raw retail meats in Yucatan, Mexico}, journal = {Clinical Infectious Diseases}, volume = {42}, year = {2006}, pages = {21{\textendash}28}, author = {Zaidi, Mussaret B and McDermott, Patrick F and Fedorka-Cray, Paula and Leon, Ver{\'o}nica and Canche, Claudia and Hubert, Susannah K and Abbott, Jason and Le{\'o}n, Magda and Zhao, Shaohua and Headrick, Marcia and others} } @article {1704, title = { Norovirus GII.17 Predominates in Selected Surface Water Sources in Kenya}, year = {2014}, url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25059212}, author = {NM Kiulia and J Mans and jM Mwenda and MB Taylor} } @article {1719, title = {Norovirus outbreaks: a systematic review of commonly implicated transmission routes and vehicles}, year = {2013}, url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23433247}, author = {EJ Bitler and JE Matthews and BW Dickey and JN Eisenberg and JS Leon} } @article {1712, title = {Norwalk virus: how infectious is it?}, year = {2008}, url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18551613}, author = {PF Teunis and CL Moe and P Liu and SE Miller} } @article {1526, title = {Norwalk virus: How infectious is it?}, journal = {Journal of Medical Virology}, volume = {80}, year = {2008}, chapter = {pp. 1468-1476}, author = {Teunis, P F M and C L Moe and P Liu and S E Miller and L Lindesmith and R S Baric and J Le Pendu and R L Calderon} } @article {1710, title = {Novel norovirus recombinants and of GII.4 sub-lineages associated with outbreaks between 2006 and 2010 in Belgium}, year = {2011}, url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21682917}, author = {E Mathijs and S Denayer and L Palmeira and N Botteldoorn} } @article {1289, title = {Occurrence of Campylobacter spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. in seagulls (Larus spp.)}, year = {2002}, doi = {10.1089/153036602321131913}, author = {J.E. Moore and D. Gilpin and E. Crothers and E. Canney and A. Kaneko and M. Matsuda} } @article {mathys2008occurrence, title = {Occurrence of Legionella in hot water systems of single-family residences in suburbs of two German cities with special reference to solar and district heating}, journal = {International journal of hygiene and environmental health}, volume = {211}, number = {1}, year = {2008}, pages = {179{\textendash}185}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Mathys, Werner and Stanke, Juliane and Harmuth, Margarita and Junge-Mathys, Elisabeth} } @article {zacheus1994occurrence, title = {Occurrence of legionellae in hot water distribution systems of Finnish apartment buildings}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Microbiology}, volume = {40}, number = {12}, year = {1994}, pages = {993{\textendash}999}, publisher = {NRC Research Press}, author = {Zacheus, Outi M and Martikainen, Pertti J} } @article {1494, title = {Oocistos de Cryptosporidium e cistos de Giardia: circula{\c c}{\~a}o no ambiente e riscos {\`a} sa{\'u}de humana}, journal = {Epidemiologia e Servi{\c c}os de Sa{\'u}de, Bras{\'\i}lia}, year = {2004}, author = {Heller, L and Bastos, RKX and Vieira, MBCM and Bevilacqua, PD and Brito, LLA and Mota, SMM and Oliveira, AA and Machado, PMR and Salvador, DP and Cardoso, AB} } @article {1709, title = {An outbreak of norovirus caused by consumption of oysters from geographically dispersed harvest sites, British Columbia, Canada, 2004}, year = {2007}, url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17883318}, author = {ST David and L McIntyre and L MacDougal} } @article {1706, title = { An outbreak of norovirus infection linked to oyster consumption at a UK restaurant, February 2010.}, year = {2011}, url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20980346}, author = {K Baker and j Morris and N McCarthy} } @article {1582, title = {An Outbreak of Shigellosis at an Outdoor Music Festival}, journal = {American Journal of Epidemiology}, volume = {133}, year = {1991}, chapter = {pp. 608-615}, author = {Lee, L A and Ostroff, S M and McGee, H B and Johnson, D R and Downes, F P and Cameron, D N and Bean, N H and Griffin, P M} } @article {1325, title = {Outbreaks: A global perspective}, year = {2013}, url = {https://piazza.com/drexel/winter2014/iherai/resources}, author = {GVS Murthy} } @article {bargellini2011parameters, title = {Parameters predictive of Legionella contamination in hot water systems: association with trace elements and heterotrophic plate counts}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {45}, number = {6}, year = {2011}, pages = {2315{\textendash}2321}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Bargellini, Annalisa and Marchesi, Isabella and Righi, Elena and Ferrari, Angela and Cencetti, Stefano and Borella, Paola and Rovesti, Sergio} } @article {1801, title = {Pathogenic and opportunistic free-living amoebae: Acanthamoeba spp., Balamuthia mandrillaris, Naegleria fowleri, and Sappinia diploidea}, journal = {FEMS Immunology \& Medical Microbiology}, volume = {50}, year = {2007}, pages = {1{\textendash}26}, abstract = {

Among the many genera of free-living amoebae that exist in nature, members of only four genera have an association with human disease: Acanthamoeba spp., Balamuthia mandrillaris, Naegleria fowleri and Sappinia diploidea. Acanthamoeba spp. and B. mandrillaris are opportunistic pathogens causing infections of the central nervous system, lungs, sinuses and skin, mostly in immunocompromised humans. Balamuthia is also associated with disease in immunocompetent children, and Acanthamoeba spp. cause a sight-threatening infection, Acanthamoeba keratitis, mostly in contact-lens wearers. Of more than 30 species of Naegleria, only one species, N. fowleri, causes an acute and fulminating meningoencephalitis in immunocompetent children and young adults. In addition to human infections, Acanthamoeba, Balamuthia and Naegleria can cause central nervous system infections in animals. Because only one human case of encephalitis caused by Sappinia diploidea is known, generalizations about the organism as an agent of disease are premature. In this review we summarize what is known of these free-living amoebae, focusing on their biology, ecology, types of disease and diagnostic methods. We also discuss the clinical profiles, mechanisms of pathogenesis, pathophysiology, immunology, antimicrobial sensitivity and molecular characteristics of these amoebae.

}, issn = {0928-8244}, doi = {10.1111/j.1574-695X.2007.00232.x}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-695X.2007.00232.x}, author = {Visvesvara, Govinda S. and Moura, Hercules and Schuster, Frederick L.} } @article {1924, title = {Pathogenic Elizabethkingia miricola infection in cultured black-spotted frogs, China, 2016}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {23}, year = {2017}, pages = {2055}, author = {Hu, Ruixue and Yuan, Junfa and Meng, Yin and Wang, Zhe and Gu, Zemao} } @article {1731, title = {Pathogenic enteric viruses and microbial indicators during secondary treatment of municipal wastewater}, year = {2015}, url = {https://aem.asm.org/content/81/18/6436}, author = {N Montazeri and D Goettert and EC Achberger and CN Johnson and W Prinyawiwatkul and ME Janes} } @article {knm04, title = {Pathogenic Escherichia coli}, journal = {Nature Reviews}, volume = {2}, number = {2}, year = {2004}, pages = {123-140}, url = {http://www.nature.com/nrmicro/journal/v2/n2/pdf/nrmicro818.pdf}, author = {Kaper, J B and Nataro, J P and Mobley, H L} } @article {knm04, title = {Pathogenic Escherichia coli}, journal = {Nature Reviews. 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L.} } @article {m86, title = {Perinatal Echovirus Infection: Insights from a Literature Review of 61 Cases of SeriousInfection and 16 Outbreaks in Nurseries}, journal = {Reviews of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {8}, year = {1986}, pages = {918-926}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4453981}, author = {Modlin, J F} } @article {1879, title = {Pilot-and bench-scale testing of faecal indicator bacteria survival in marine beach sand near point sources}, journal = {Journal of applied microbiology}, volume = {107}, year = {2009}, pages = {72{\textendash}84}, author = {Mika, Kathryn Beth and Imamura, Greg and Chang, Crystal and Conway, Victoria and Fernandez, Genevieve and Griffith, John F and Kampalath, Rita A and Lee, Christine M and Lin, C-C and Moreno, Raylene and others} } @inbook {mlcbasmbh09, title = {Population-Based Study of a Widespread Outbreak of Diarrhea Associated with Increased Mortality and Malnutrition in Botswana, January-March, 2006}, year = {2009}, pages = {812-818}, url = {http://www.ajtmh.org.proxy1.cl.msu.edu/content/80/5/812.full.pdf+html}, author = {Mach, O. and Lu, L. and Creek, T. and Bowen, A. and Arvelo, W. and Smit, M. and Masunge, J. and Brennan, M. and Handzel, T.} } @article {1860, title = {Presence of pathogens and indicator microbes at a non-point source subtropical recreational marine beach}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {76}, year = {2010}, pages = {724{\textendash}732}, author = {Abdelzaher, Amir M and Wright, Mary E and Ortega, Cristina and Solo-Gabriele, Helena M and Miller, Gary and Elmir, Samir and Newman, Xihui and Shih, Peter and Bonilla, J Alfredo and Bonilla, Tonya D and others} } @article {correia2016probable, title = {Probable person-to-person transmission of Legionnaires{\textquoteright} disease}, journal = {New England Journal of Medicine}, volume = {374}, number = {5}, year = {2016}, pages = {497{\textendash}498}, publisher = {Mass Medical Soc}, author = {Correia, Ana M and Ferreira, Joana S and Borges, V{\'\i}tor and Nunes, Alexandra and Gomes, Bernardo and Capucho, Rui and Gon{\c c}alves, Jorge and Antunes, Delfina M and Almeida, S{\'o}nia and Mendes, Ana and others} } @article {lcmg05, title = {Progression of primary pneumonic plague: A mouse model of infection, pathology, and bacterial transcriptional activity}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {102}, number = {49}, year = {2005}, pages = {17786-17791}, doi = {10.1073/pnas.0506840102}, url = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16306265/}, author = {Lathem, W W and Crosby, S D and Miller, V L and Goldman, W E} } @article {1277, title = {Progression of primary pneumonic plague: a mouse model of infection, pathology, and bacterial transcriptional activity}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, volume = {102}, year = {2005}, pages = {17786{\textendash}17791}, author = {Lathem, Wyndham W and Crosby, Seth D and Miller, Virginia L and Goldman, William E} } @article {1779, title = {Prolonged outbreak of giardiasis with two modes of transmission}, year = {2006}, url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16569269}, author = {DE Katz and D Heisey-Grove and M Beach and RC Dicker and BT Matyas} } @article {1513, title = {Q fever: a biological weapon in your backyard}, journal = {The Lancet Infectious Diseases}, volume = {3}, year = {2003}, chapter = {pp. 709-721}, author = {Madariaga, M G and K Rezai and G M Trenholme and R A Weinstein} } @article {hwmt08, title = {Q Fever: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment}, journal = {Mayo Clinic Proceedings}, volume = {83}, year = {2008}, pages = {574-579}, doi = {10.4065/83.5.574}, url = {http://download.journals.elsevierhealth.com/pdfs/journals/0025-6196/PIIS0025619611607337.pdf}, author = {Hartzell, J. 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