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A. and others} } @article {gdph, title = {Comparison of infectious dose of Listeria monocytogenes F5817 as determined for normal versus compromised C57B1/6J mice}, journal = {Journal of food protection}, volume = {52}, year = {Submitted}, pages = {10}, author = {Golnazarian, C A and Donnelly, C W and Pintauro, S J and Howard, D B} } @article {martinelli2000comparison, title = {A comparison of Legionella pneumophila occurrence in hot water tanks and instantaneous devices in domestic, nosocomial, and community environments}, journal = {Current Microbiology}, volume = {41}, number = {5}, year = {2000}, pages = {374{\textendash}376}, publisher = {Springer}, author = {Martinelli, Fabrizia and Caruso, Arnaldo and Moschini, Lina and Turano, Adolfo and Scarcella, Carmelo and Speziani, Fabrizio} } @article {cfm74, title = {Comparison of the Immune Response to Three Different Yersinia pestis Vaccines in Guinea Pigs and Langurs}, journal = {Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {129}, year = {1974}, author = {Chen, T. H. and Foster, L. E. and Meyer, K. F.} } @article {1224, title = {Compliance with advice to boil drinking water during an outbreak of cryptosporidiosis. Outbreak Investigation Team.}, journal = {Communicable Disease and Public Health}, volume = {3}, year = {2000}, pages = {137{\textendash}138}, url = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10902259/ }, author = {Willocks, LJ and Sufi, F and Wall, R and Seng, C and Swan, AV} } @article {1222, title = {Compliance with boil water advice following a water contamination incident in the Netherlands in 2007}, journal = {Eurosurveillance}, volume = {14}, year = {2009}, pages = {19156}, url = {https://www.eurosurveillance.org/content/10.2807/ese.14.12.19156-en }, author = {Karagiannis, I and Schimmer, B and de Roda Husman, AM} } @book {mcclellan1995concepts, title = {Concepts in inhalation toxicology}, year = {1995}, publisher = {CRC Press}, organization = {CRC Press}, author = {McClellan, Roger O} } @article {1007, title = {Considerations in evaluating the cost-effectiveness of environmental health interventions}, year = {220}, url = {http://www.who.int/quantifying_ehimpacts/publications/en/wsh00-10.pdf}, author = {WHO} } @article {cowen2006continuous, title = {Continuous monitoring of particle emissions during showering}, journal = {Journal of the Air \& Waste Management Association}, volume = {56}, number = {12}, year = {2006}, pages = {1662{\textendash}1668}, publisher = {Taylor \& Francis}, author = {Cowen, Kenneth A and Ollison, Will M} } @book {h04, title = {Control of Communicable Diseases Manual}, year = {2004}, publisher = {American Public Health Association}, organization = {American Public Health Association}, edition = {18}, url = {https://ccdm.aphapublications.org/doi/book/10.2105/CCDM.2745}, author = {D L Heymann} } @article {k85, title = {Country gravy is bad for you}, journal = {Journal of Meat Byproducts}, volume = {67}, year = {1985}, pages = {3}, author = {Kirk, B.} } @article {hamilton2016critical, title = {Critical review of mathematical approaches for quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) of Legionella in engineered water systems: Research gaps and a new framework}, journal = {Environmental Science: Water Research \& Technology}, volume = {2}, number = {4}, year = {2016}, pages = {599{\textendash}613}, publisher = {Royal Society of Chemistry}, author = {Hamilton, KA and Haas, CN} } @article {esjssjb88, title = {Cross-species transmission of Giardia spp.: inoculation of beavers and muskrats with cysts of human, beaver, mouse, and muskrat origin}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {54}, year = {1988}, pages = {11}, url = {http://aem.asm.org/content/54/11/2777.abstract}, author = {Erlandsen, S L and Sherlock, L A and Januschka, M and Schupp, D G and Schaefer, F W and Jakubowski, W and Bemrick, W J} } @article {cdsg88, title = {Cryptosporidial diarrhoea in AIDS and its treatment}, year = {1988}, note = {593-597}, author = {Connolly, G. M. and Dryden, M. S. and Shanson, D. C. and Gazzard, B. G.} } @article {c, title = {Cryptosporidiosis}, journal = {Drugs, Diseases \& Procedures: Cryptosporidiosis}, volume = {12}, year = {2011}, pages = {1-23}, url = {http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/215490-overview$\#$a0156}, author = {Cabada, M. Burke} } @article {yhm10, title = {Cryptosporidiosis Surveillance}, volume = {6}, year = {2010}, pages = {1-23}, url = {http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/pdf/ss/ss5906.pdf}, author = {Yoder, J. S. and Harral, C. and Beach Mj.} } @article {1198, title = {Cryptosporidiosis surveillance{\textendash}United States, 2011-2012; Giardiasis surveillance{\textendash}United States, 2011-2012}, journal = {Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report: Surveillance Summaries}, volume = {64}, year = {2015}, chapter = {1-14}, url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/24806287}, author = {Painter, Julia E and Hlavsa, Michele C and Collier, Sarah A and Xiao, Lihua and Yoder, Jonathan S and Gargano, Julia W} } @article {h, title = {Cryptosporidiosis-Associated Mortality Following a Massive Waterbome Outbreak in Milwaukee, Wisconsin}, journal = {American Journal of Public Health}, volume = {87}, number = {12}, year = {1997}, month = {December}, pages = {2032-2035}, url = {http://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/pdf/10.2105/AJPH.87.12.2032}, author = {Neil J. Hoxie and others} } @article {1220, title = {Cryptosporidium: a water-borne zoonotic parasite}, journal = {Veterinary parasitology}, volume = {126}, year = {2004}, pages = {37{\textendash}56}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2004.09.004}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0304401704004066?via\%3Dihub}, author = {Fayer, Ronald} } @article {betancourt2014cryptosporidium, title = {Cryptosporidium and Giardia in tropical recreational marine waters contaminated with domestic sewage: Estimation of bathing-associated disease risks}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {85}, number = {1}, year = {2014}, pages = {268{\textendash}273}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Betancourt, Walter Q and Duarte, Diana C and V{\'a}squez, Rosa C and Gurian, Patrick L} } @article {colwatt06, title = {Cryptosporidium Hominis: Experimental Challenge of Healthy Adults}, journal = {The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {75}, year = {2006}, pages = {5}, url = {http://www.ajtmh.org/content/journals/10.4269/ajtmh.2006.75.851}, author = {Chappell, C L and Okhuysen, P C and Langer-Curry, R and Widmer, G and Akiyoshi, D E and Tanriverdi, S and Tzipori, S} } @article {to99, title = {Cultural theory and risk: a review}, journal = {Health, risk \& society}, volume = {1}, number = {1}, year = {1999}, pages = {71-90}, author = {Tansey, James and Tim O{\textquoteright}riordan} } @article {1799, title = {{A} {data} {simulation} {method} to {optimize} a {mechanistic} {dose-response} {model} for {viral} {loads} of {hepatitis} {A}}, journal = {Microbial Risk Analysis}, year = {2019}, pages = {100102}, abstract = {

Driven by the quantitative estimate of risk via the dose-response models, quantitative microbial risk assessment has been used successfully for public health interventions. The dose-response models are derived starting from an average exposed dose of infectious particles, this dictates the dose data units required. Then dose-response data from animal model experiments are used to optimize these mechanistic dose-response models. For hepatitis A (Hep-A), the only available dose-response data use grams of feces for dose units. Therefore, to develop a dose-response model for Hep-A a method of converting these doses in grams of feces into infectious particles, while accounting for the uncertainty of this conversion is needed. This research develops a method to couple data simulation with the likelihood estimation method for model optimization to accomplish this. This adapted method uses data simulation to model the doses as viruses while accounting for the within-group variability of this simulation. Then these simulated doses, coupled with the original dose-response data, are used to optimize the mechanistic dose-response models. This method results in a more computationally rigorous means of modeling these types of dose-response data. The resulting dose-response model for Hep-A is also more appropriate to use than the current option for Hep-A risk models.

}, keywords = {Data simulation, Dose-response, Hepatitis A, QMRA}, issn = {2352-3522}, doi = {10.1016/j.mran.2019.100102}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352352219300222}, author = {Weir, Mark H.} } @article {hwmsdb, title = {De la Macorra F and Corozza FA (1966) Study of induced typhoid fever in man. I. Evaluation of vaccine effectiveness}, journal = {Transactions of the Association of American Physicians}, volume = {79}, year = {Submitted}, pages = {361}, author = {Hornick, R B and Woodward, T E and McCrumb, F R and Snyder, M J and Dawkins, A T and Bulkeley, J T} } @book {hhmxkt06, title = {Deaths: Final Data for National Vital Statistics Reports.}, year = {2006}, publisher = {National Center for Health Statistics}, organization = {National Center for Health Statistics}, url = {http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr57/nvsr57_14.pdf}, author = {Heron, M. and Hoyert, D. and Murphy, S. L. and Xu, J. and Kochanek, K. D. and Tejada-Vera, B.}, editor = {Division of Vital Statistics} } @article {1856, title = {Defective Phagocytosis and Clearance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the Lung Following Bone Marrow Transplantation}, journal = {The Journal of Immunology}, volume = {171}, year = {2003}, month = {2003/10/15/}, pages = {4416 - 4424}, abstract = {

Abstract Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) is an important therapeutic option for a variety of malignant and nonmalignant disorders. Unfortunately, BMT recipients are at increased risk of infection, and in particular, pulmonary complications occur frequently. Although the risk of infection is greatest during the neutropenic period immediately following transplant, patients are still vulnerable to pulmonary infections even after neutrophil engraftment. We evaluated the risk of infection in this postengraftment period by using a well-established mouse BMT model. Seven days after syngeneic BMT, B6D2F1 mice are no longer neutropenic, and by 3 wk, they demonstrate complete reconstitution of the peripheral blood. However, these mice remain more susceptible throughout 8 wk to infection after intratracheal administration of Pseudomonas aeruginosa; increased mortality in the P. aeruginosa-infected BMT mice correlates with increased bacterial burden in the lungs as well as increased systemic dissemination. This heightened susceptibility to infection was not secondary to a defect in inflammatory cell recruitment to the lung. The inability to clear P. aeruginosa in the lung correlated with reduced phagocytosis of the bacteria by alveolar macrophages (AMs), but not neutrophils, decreased production of TNF-α by AMs, and decreased levels of TNF-α and IFN-γ in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid following infection. Expression of the β2 integrins CD11a and CD11c was reduced on AMs from BMT mice compared with wild-type mice. Thus, despite restoration of peripheral blood count, phagocytic defects in the AMs of BMT mice persist and may contribute to the increased risk of infection seen in the postengraftment period.

}, isbn = {0022-1767, 1550-6606}, url = {https://journals.aai.org/jimmunol/article/171/8/4416/35775/Defective-Phagocytosis-and-Clearance-of}, author = {Ojielo, Charles I. and Cooke, Kenneth and Mancuso, Pete and Standiford, Theodore J. and Olkiewicz, Krystyna M. and Clouthier, Shawn and Corrion, Leigh and Ballinger, Megan N. and Toews, Galen B. and Paine, Robert and Moore, Bethany B.} } @article {1917, title = {Defective phagocytosis and clearance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the lung following bone marrow transplantation}, journal = {The Journal of Immunology}, volume = {171}, year = {2003}, pages = {4416{\textendash}4424}, author = {Ojielo, Charles I and Cooke, Kenneth and Mancuso, Pete and Standiford, Theodore J and Olkiewicz, Krystyna M and Clouthier, Shawn and Corrion, Leigh and Ballinger, Megan N and Toews, Galen B and Paine, Robert and others} } @article {ht, title = {Development and Validation of Dose-Response Relationship for Listeria monocytogenes}, journal = {Quantitative Microbiology}, volume = {1}, number = {1}, year = {1999}, pages = {89-102}, author = {Haas, C N and Thayyar-Madabusi, A} } @article {h, title = {Development of a dose-response relationship for Escherichia coli O157:H7}, journal = {International Journal of Food Microbiology}, volume = {56}, number = {2-3}, year = {2000}, month = {2000}, pages = {153-159}, url = {http://smas.chemeng.ntua.gr/miram/files/publ_47_9_1_2004.pdf}, author = {Haas, C. N. and others} } @article {weir2017development, title = {Development of a microbial dose response visualization and modelling application for QMRA modelers and educators}, journal = {Environmental Modelling \& Software}, volume = {88}, year = {2017}, pages = {74{\textendash}83}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Weir, Mark H and Mitchell, Jade and Flynn, William and Pope, Joanna M} } @book {wmfp, title = {Development of a Microbial Dose Response Visualization and Modelling Application for QMRA Modelers and Educators}, year = {2016}, publisher = {Environmental Modelling and Software}, organization = {Environmental Modelling and Software}, author = {Weir, M. H. and Mitchell, J. and Flynn, W. B. and Pope, J. M.} } @mastersthesis {w09, title = {Development of a Physiologically Based Pathogen Transport and Kinetics Model for the Inhalation of {\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}Bacillus anthracis{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} Spores}, year = {2009}, school = {Drexel University}, address = {Philadelphia PA}, url = {http://wiki.camra.msu.edu/images/b/bf/WeirM_2009_Dissertation.pdf}, author = {Weir, M H} } @article {weir2009development, title = {Development of physiologically based pathogen transport and kinetics model for inhalation of Bacillus anthracis spores}, year = {2009}, author = {Weir, Mark H} } @article {lcwchs77, title = {Diarrhea caused by Escherichia coli that produce only heat-stable enterotoxin}, journal = {Infection and Immunity}, volume = {17}, year = {1977}, pages = {1}, author = {Levine, M M and Caplan, E S and Waterman, D and Cash, R A and Hornick, R B and Snyder, M J} } @article {nk98, title = {Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli}, journal = {Clinical Microbiology Reviews}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, year = {1998}, pages = {142-201}, url = {http://cmr.asm.org/cgi/reprint/11/1/142}, author = {Nataro, J P and Kaper, J B} } @article {gabdfamp86, title = {Diarrhoea in Mice Infected with a Human Rotavirus}, journal = {Journal of General Virology}, volume = {67}, year = {1986}, pages = {3}, author = {Gouvea, V. S. and Alencar, A. A. and Barth, O. M. and Castro L. de and Fialho, A. M. and Ara{\~A}{\textordmasculine}jo, H. P. and Majerowicz, S. and Pereira, H. G.} } @article {collier2012direct, title = {Direct healthcare costs of selected diseases primarily or partially transmitted by water}, journal = {Epidemiology \& Infection}, volume = {140}, number = {11}, year = {2012}, pages = {2003{\textendash}2013}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, author = {Collier, SA and Stockman, LJ and Hicks, LA and Garrison, LE and Zhou, FJ and Beach, MJ} } @article {1195, title = {Disinfection of greywater effluent and regrowth potential of selected bacteria}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {63}, year = {2011}, pages = {931{\textendash}940}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.272}, url = { https://iwaponline.com/wst/article-abstract/63/5/931/16846/Disinfection-of-greywater-effluent-and-regrowth?redirectedFrom=fulltext }, author = {Friedler, Eran and Yardeni, Anat and Gilboa, Yael and Alfiya, Yuval} } @article {c11, title = {Distinguishing characteristics between pandemic 2009{\textendash}2010 influenza A (H1N1) and other viruses in patients hospitalized with respiratory illness}, journal = {PLoS One}, volume = {6}, year = {2011}, pages = {9}, author = {Chan, Philip A. and others} } @article {1887, title = {Do US Environmental Protection Agency water quality guidelines for recreational waters prevent gastrointestinal illness? A systematic review and meta-analysis.}, journal = {Environmental health perspectives}, volume = {111}, year = {2003}, pages = {1102{\textendash}1109}, author = {Wade, Timothy J and Pai, Nitika and Eisenberg, Joseph NS and Colford Jr, John M} } @article {powell_dose-response_nodate, title = {Dose-{Response} {Envelope} for {Escherichia} coli}, year = {Submitted}, pages = {24}, abstract = {Escherichia coli O157:H7 is an emerging food and waterborne pathogen in the U.S. and internationally. The objective of this work was to develop a dose-response model for illness by this organism that bounds the uncertainty in the dose-response relationship. No human clinical trial data are available for E. coli O157:H7, but such data are available for two surrogate pathogens: enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) and Shigella dysenteriae. E. coli O157:H7 outbreak data provide an initial estimate of the most likely value of the dose-response relationship within the bounds of an envelope de{\textregistered}ned by beta-Poisson dose-response models {\textregistered}t to the EPEC and S. dysenteriae data. The most likely value of the median effective dose for E. coli O157:H7 is estimated to be approximately 190 000 colony forming units (cfu). At a dose level of 100 cfu, the median response predicted by the model is six percent.}, author = {Powell, Mark R and Ebel, Eric and Schlosser, Wayne and Walderhaug, Mark and Kause, Janell} } @article {tts04, title = {Dose response for infection by Escherichia coli O157:H7 from outbreak data}, journal = {Risk Analysis: An Official Publication of the Society for Risk Analysis}, volume = {24}, number = {2}, year = {2004}, pages = {401-407}, url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00441.x/pdf}, author = {Teunis, P. and Takumi, K. and Shinagawa, K.} } @article {chen2006dose, title = {Dose response for infectivity of several strains of Campylobacter jejuni in chickens}, journal = {Risk Analysis}, volume = {26}, number = {6}, year = {2006}, pages = {1613{\textendash}1621}, publisher = {Wiley Online Library}, author = {Chen, Lailai and Geys, Helena and Cawthraw, Shaun and Havelaar, Arie and Teunis, Peter} } @article {cgcht06, title = {Dose response for infectivity of several strains of {\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}Campylobacter jejuni{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} in chickens}, journal = {Risk Analysis}, year = {2006}, pages = {1613-1621}, url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2006.00850.x/pdf}, author = {Chen, L. and Geys, H. and Cawthraw, S. and Havelaar, A. and Teunis, P.} } @article {cgcht06, title = {Dose response for infectivity of several strains of Campylobacter jejuni in chickens}, journal = {Risk Analysis: An Official Publication of the Society for Risk Analysis}, volume = {26}, number = {6}, year = {2006}, pages = {1613-1621}, author = {Chen, L. and Geys, H. and Cawthraw, S. and Havelaar, A. and Teunis, P.} } @article {cgcht06, title = {Dose Response for Infectivity of Several Strains of Campylobacter jejuni in Chickens}, journal = {Risk Analysis}, volume = {26}, year = {2006}, pages = {6}, author = {Chen, L. and Geys, H. and Cawthraw, S. and Havelaar, A. and Teunis, P.} } @article {1821, title = {A dose response model for the inhalation route of exposure to {P}. aeruginosa}, journal = {Microbial Risk Analysis}, volume = {15}, year = {2020}, pages = {100115}, abstract = {

This study develops a dose response model for Pseudomonas aeruginosa for the inhalation route of exposure using pre-existing data. P. aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen capable of causing community and hospital-acquired lung infections. As such, a dose response model for this route of exposure is needed to assess risks posed by the inhalation of aerosols from showers, humidifiers, or hot tubs contaminated with P. aeruginosa. Single-hit theory models traditionally used for dose response modeling did not provide significant fits to the limited available data. The multi-hit dose response model operates under the cooperativity theory and did provide a significant fit, suggesting that a single P. aeruginosa bacterium is not sufficient to initiate a pulmonary infection in an immunocompetent host. A hierarchical Bayesian analysis was used to benchmark this model against additional dose response experiments and results further suggested that the multi-hit model may better represent the dose response behavior for this exposure route. The best fitting model has an LD50 of 2,588,047 Colony Forming Units. This model can be used to quantify risk in inhalation exposure scenarios, however, due to the limited amount of primary data, it is especially important for any future risk assessment to analyze the impact that using different dose response models may have on the final risk estimates and recommended control measures.

}, issn = {23523522}, doi = {10.1016/j.mran.2020.100115}, url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2352352220300219}, author = {Dean, Kara and Mitchell, Jade} } @article {1853, title = {A dose response model for the inhalation route of exposure to P. aeruginosa}, journal = {Microbial Risk Analysis}, volume = {15}, year = {2020}, month = {2020/08//}, pages = {100115}, abstract = {

This study develops a dose response model for Pseudomonas aeruginosa for the inhalation route of exposure using pre-existing data. P. aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen capable of causing community and hospital-acquired lung infections. As such, a dose response model for this route of exposure is needed to assess risks posed by the inhalation of aerosols from showers, humidifiers, or hot tubs contaminated with P. aeruginosa. Single-hit theory models traditionally used for dose response modeling did not provide significant fits to the limited available data. The multi-hit dose response model operates under the cooperativity theory and did provide a significant fit, suggesting that a single P. aeruginosa bacterium is not sufficient to initiate a pulmonary infection in an immunocompetent host. A hierarchical Bayesian analysis was used to benchmark this model against additional dose response experiments and results further suggested that the multi-hit model may better represent the dose response behavior for this exposure route. The best fitting model has an LD50 of 2,588,047 Colony Forming Units. This model can be used to quantify risk in inhalation exposure scenarios, however, due to the limited amount of primary data, it is especially important for any future risk assessment to analyze the impact that using different dose response models may have on the final risk estimates and recommended control measures.

}, isbn = {23523522}, url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2352352220300219}, author = {Dean, Kara and Mitchell, Jade} } @article {ndkro05, title = {Dose response modelling of Escherichia coli O157 incorporating data from foodborne and environmental outbreaks}, journal = {International Journal of Food Microbiology}, volume = {103}, year = {2005}, pages = {1}, author = {Strachan Njc and Doyle, M. P. and Kasuga, F. and Rotariu, O. and Ogden, I. D.} } @article {n, title = {Dose response modelling of Escherichia coli O157 incorporating data from foodborne and environmental outbreaks}, journal = {International Journal of Food Microbiology}, volume = {103}, number = {1}, year = {2005}, pages = {35-47}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg\&_imagekey=B6T7K-4FNCW2P-2-7\&_cdi=5061\&_user=1111158\&_pii=S0168160505000693\&_origin=gateway\&_coverDate=08}, author = {Strachan Njc and others} } @article {s05, title = {Dose response modelling of Escherichia coli O157 incorporating data from foodborne and environmental outbreaks}, journal = {International Journal of Food Microbiology}, volume = {103}, number = {1}, year = {2005}, pages = {35-47}, author = {Strachan, N. J. 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E.} } @article {dfhslslk71, title = {Pathogenesis of Escherichia coli diarrhea}, journal = {The New England journal of medicine}, volume = {285}, year = {1971}, pages = {1}, author = {DuPont, H L and Formal, S B and Hornick, R B and Snyder, M J and Libonati, J P and Sheahan, D G and LaBrec, E H and Kalas, J P} } @article {dupont_pathogenesis_1971, title = {Pathogenesis of {Escherichia} coli {Diarrhea}}, journal = {New England Journal of Medicine}, volume = {285}, number = {1}, year = {1971}, note = {Publisher: Massachusetts Medical Society}, pages = {1{\textendash}9}, issn = {0028-4793}, doi = {10.1056/NEJM197107012850101}, url = {https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJM197107012850101}, author = {DuPont, Herbert L. and Formal, Samuel B. and Hornick, Richard B. and Snyder, Merrill J. and Libonati, Joseph P. and Sheahan, Daniel G. and LaBrec, Eugene H. and Kalas, John P.} } @article {s63, title = {Pathogenesis of experimental Coxsackie virus infection}, journal = {Archive of Virology}, volume = {7}, year = {1963}, pages = {61-66}, author = {Suptel, E A} } @article {jshr82, title = {Pathogenesis of Lassa virus infection in guinea pigs}, journal = {Infection and Immunity}, volume = {37}, year = {1982}, pages = {2}, url = {http://iai.asm.org/content/37/2/771.abstract}, author = {Jahrling, P B and Smith, S and Hesse, R A and Rhoderick, J B} } @article {ldfhtgsl73, title = {Pathogenesis of Shigella dysenteriae 1 (Shiga) Dysentery}, journal = {Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {127}, year = {1973}, pages = {3}, author = {Levine, M M and DuPont, H L and Formal, S B and Hornick, R B and Takeuchi, A and Gangarosa, E J and Snyder, M J and Libonati, J P} } @article {levine_pathogenesis_1973, title = {Pathogenesis of {Shigella} dysenteriae 1 ({Shiga}) {Dysentery}}, journal = {The Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {127}, number = {3}, year = {1973}, pages = {261{\textendash}270}, abstract = {The Shiga bacillus is exceptional among enteric pathogens in possessing two potential pathogenetic modes of action, invasiveness and enterotoxin. The role of each was investigated. ,Two fully virulent (invasive toxigenic) and two modified (noninvasive toxigenic and invasive nontoxigenic) Shiga strains were defined in animal and in-vitro models. The virulent strains produced disease in volunteers in doses as low as 101 organisms. Illness was characterized by fever, short-lived diarrhea, and passage of scanty stools of blood and mucus. During illness, the pathogen was isolated from one of 16 samples of small-intestinal contents, and free toxin could not be demonstrated. Concomitantly, large numbers of Shiga organisms were excreted in stool. The major lesions were in the large bowel where clinical colitis was confirmed by proctoscopy and biopsy. Large numbers of a noninvasive toxigenic strain (106-1011 organisms) were well tolerated by 85 of 86 men. One volunteer had dysentery after the organism had reverted to an invasive form. In contrast, an invasive nontoxigenic strain caused shigellosis in monkeys and volunteers. Epithelial penetration is the cardinal virulence property of Shigella dysenteriae 1. The role of Shiga toxin in human disease remains to be defined.}, issn = {0022-1899}, doi = {10.1093/infdis/127.3.261}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/127.3.261}, author = {Levine, Myron M. and DuPont, Herbert L. and Formal, Samuel B. and Hornick, Richard B. and Takeuchi, Akio and Gangarosa, Eugene J. and Snyder, Merrill J. and Libonati, Joseph P.} } @article {knm04, title = {Pathogenic Escherichia coli}, journal = {Nature Reviews}, volume = {2}, number = {2}, year = {2004}, pages = {123-140}, url = {http://www.nature.com/nrmicro/journal/v2/n2/pdf/nrmicro818.pdf}, author = {Kaper, J B and Nataro, J P and Mobley, H L} } @article {knm04, title = {Pathogenic Escherichia coli}, journal = {Nature Reviews. Microbiology.}, volume = {2}, number = {2}, year = {2004}, pages = {123-140}, url = {http://www.nature.com/nrmicro/journal/v2/n2/pdf/nrmicro818.pdf}, author = {Kaper, J. B. and Nataro, J. P. and Mobley, H. L.} } @article {knm04, title = {Pathogenic Escherichia coli. Nature Reviews}, journal = {Microbiology.}, volume = {2}, number = {2}, year = {2004}, pages = {123-140}, url = {http://www.nature.com/nrmicro/journal/v2/n2/full/nrmicro818.html}, author = {Kaper, J. B. and Nataro, J. P. and Mobley, H. L.} } @article {1882, title = {Pathogenic fungi: an unacknowledged risk at coastal resorts? New insights on microbiological sand quality in Portugal}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {62}, year = {2011}, pages = {1506{\textendash}1511}, author = {Sabino, Raquel and Ver{\'\i}ssimo, Cristina and Cunha, Maria Ana and Wergikoski, Bela and Ferreira, Filipa C and Rodrigues, Raquel and Parada, Helena and Falc{\~a}o, Leonor and Rosado, Laura and Pinheiro, Catarina and others} } @article {bjcc90, title = {Pathogenicity of Acanthamoeba and Corynebacterium in the Rat Cornea}, journal = {Archives of Ophthalmology}, volume = {108}, year = {1990}, pages = {1}, url = {https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaophthalmology/article-abstract/638228}, author = {Badenoch, P R and Johnson, A M and Christy, P E and Coster, D J} } @article {dparpe08, title = {Pathogenicity of severe acute respiratory coronavirus deletion mutants in hACE-2 transgenic mice}, journal = {Virology.}, volume = {376}, year = {2008}, pages = {2}, abstract = {

Recombinant severe acute respiratory virus (SARS-CoV) variants lacking the group specific genes 6, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b and 9b (rSARS-CoV-Delta[6-9b]), the structural gene E (rSARS-CoV-DeltaE), and a combination of both sets of genes (rSARS-CoV-Delta[E,6-9b]) have been generated. All these viruses were rescued in monkey (Vero E6) cells and were also infectious for human (Huh-7, Huh7.5.1 and CaCo-2) cell lines and for transgenic (Tg) mice expressing the SARS-CoV receptor human angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (hACE-2), indicating that none of these proteins is essential for the viral cycle. Furthermore, in Vero E6 cells, all the viruses showed the formation of particles with the same morphology as the wt virus, indicating that these proteins do not have a high impact in the final morphology of the virions. Nevertheless, in the absence of E protein, release of virus particles efficacy was reduced. Viruses lacking E protein grew about 100-fold lower than the wt virus in lungs of Tg infected mice but did not grow in the brains of the same animals, in contrast to the rSARS-CoV-Delta[6-9b] virus, which grew almost as well as the wt in both tissues. Viruses lacking E protein were highly attenuated in the highly sensitive hACE-2 Tg mice, in contrast to the minimal rSARS-CoV-Delta[6-9b] and wt viruses. These data indicate that E gene might be a virulence factor influencing replication level, tissue tropism and pathogenicity of SARS-CoV, suggesting that DeltaE attenuated viruses are promising vaccine candidates.

}, doi = {10.1016/j.virol.2008.03.005}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004268220800175X}, author = {DeDiego, M L and Pewe, L and Alvarez, E and Rejas, M T and Perlman, S and Enjuanes, L} } @article {1211, title = {Pathogenicity of severe acute respiratory coronavirus deletion mutants in hACE-2 transgenic mice}, journal = {Virology}, volume = {376}, year = {2008}, pages = {379{\textendash}389}, author = {DeDiego, Marta L and Pewe, Lecia and Alvarez, Enrique and Rejas, Maria Teresa and Perlman, Stanley and Enjuanes, Luis} } @article {991, title = {Patient Facts: Learn More about Legionnaires{\textquoteright} disease}, year = {Submitted}, url = {http://www.cdc.gov/legionella/patient_facts.htm}, author = {CDC} } @article {1872, title = {Performance of CHROMagar{\texttrademark} Staph aureus and CHROMagar{\texttrademark} MRSA for detection of Staphylococcus aureus in seawater and beach sand{\textendash}Comparison of culture, agglutination, and molecular analyses}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {43}, year = {2009}, pages = {4802{\textendash}4811}, author = {Goodwin, KD and Pobuda, M} } @article {m86, title = {Perinatal Echovirus Infection: Insights from a Literature Review of 61 Cases of SeriousInfection and 16 Outbreaks in Nurseries}, journal = {Reviews of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {8}, year = {1986}, pages = {918-926}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4453981}, author = {Modlin, J F} } @article {1243, title = {Persistence of nucleic acid markers of health-relevant organisms in seawater microcosms: implications for their use in assessing risk in recreational waters}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {43}, year = {2009}, pages = {4929{\textendash}4939}, author = {Walters, Sarah P and Yamahara, Kevan M and Boehm, Alexandria B} } @article {1879, title = {Pilot-and bench-scale testing of faecal indicator bacteria survival in marine beach sand near point sources}, journal = {Journal of applied microbiology}, volume = {107}, year = {2009}, pages = {72{\textendash}84}, author = {Mika, Kathryn Beth and Imamura, Greg and Chang, Crystal and Conway, Victoria and Fernandez, Genevieve and Griffith, John F and Kampalath, Rita A and Lee, Christine M and Lin, C-C and Moreno, Raylene and others} } @article {1818, title = {Plague: review of ecology.}, journal = {Ecology of disease}, volume = {1}, year = {1982}, pages = {111{\textendash}115}, url = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6765301/}, author = {Christie, AB} } @article {sscbe08, title = {Point of use household drinking water filtration: A practical, effective solution for providing sustained access to safe drinking water in the developing world}, journal = {Environmental Science \& Technology}, volume = {42}, year = {2008}, pages = {12}, doi = {10.1021/es702746n}, author = {Sobsey, M D and Stauber, C and Casanova, L and Brown, J and Elliott, M} } @inbook {mlcbasmbh09, title = {Population-Based Study of a Widespread Outbreak of Diarrhea Associated with Increased Mortality and Malnutrition in Botswana, January-March, 2006}, year = {2009}, pages = {812-818}, url = {http://www.ajtmh.org.proxy1.cl.msu.edu/content/80/5/812.full.pdf+html}, author = {Mach, O. and Lu, L. and Creek, T. and Bowen, A. and Arvelo, W. and Smit, M. and Masunge, J. and Brennan, M. and Handzel, T.} } @article {altboum2002postexposure, title = {Postexposure prophylaxis against anthrax: evaluation of various treatment regimens in intranasally infected guinea pigs}, journal = {Infection and immunity}, volume = {70}, number = {11}, year = {2002}, pages = {6231{\textendash}6241}, publisher = {Am Soc Microbiol}, author = {Altboum, Zeev and Gozes, Yehoshua and Barnea, Ada and Pass, Avi and White, Moshe and Kobiler, David} } @article {agbpwk02, title = {Postexposure prophylaxis against anthrax: Evaluation of various treatment regimes in intranasally infected guinea pigs}, journal = {Infection and Immunity}, volume = {70}, number = {1}, year = {2002}, pages = {6231-6241}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC130326/}, author = {Altboum, Z. and Gozes, Y. and Barnea, A. and Pass, A. and White, M. and Kobiler, D.} } @article {agbpwk02, title = {Postexposure Prophylaxis against Anthrax: Evaluation of Various Treatment Regimens in Intranasally Infected Guinea Pigs}, journal = {Infection and Immunity}, volume = {70}, year = {2002}, pages = {11}, author = {Altboum, Z. and Gozes, Y. and Barnea, A. and Pass, A. and White, M. and Kobiler, D.} } @article {5, title = {The potential role of mobile phones in the spread of bacterial infections}, journal = {The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries}, volume = {3}, year = {2009}, pages = {628{\textendash}632}, author = {Akinyemi, Kabir O and Atapu, Audu D and Adetona, Olabisi O and Coker, Akitoye O} } @article {1875, title = {Predicting likelihood of gastroenteritis from sea bathing: results from randomised exposure}, journal = {The lancet}, volume = {344}, year = {1994}, pages = {905{\textendash}909}, author = {Kay, D and Jones, F and Wyer, MD and Fleisher, JM and Salmon, RL and Godfree, AF and Zelenauch-Jacquotte, A and Shore, R} } @article {1186, title = {Predictive model for growth of Clostridium perfringens in cooked cured pork}, journal = {International journal of food microbiology}, volume = {110}, year = {2006}, pages = {85{\textendash}92}, author = {Juneja, Vijay K and Huang, Lihan and Thippareddi, Harshvardhan H} } @article {c96, title = {Predictors of prognosis and risk of acute renal failure in patients with Rocky Mountain spotted fever}, journal = {The American journal of medicine}, volume = {101}, number = {6}, year = {1996}, pages = {621-626}, author = {Conlon, Peter J} } @article {conlon_predictors_1996, title = {Predictors of prognosis and risk of acute renal failure in patients with {Rocky} {Mountain} spotted fever}, journal = {The American Journal of Medicine}, volume = {101}, number = {6}, year = {1996}, note = {Publisher: Elsevier}, pages = {621{\textendash}626}, abstract = {{\textless}h3{\textgreater}Background{\textless}/h3{\textgreater}{\textless}p{\textgreater}Acute renal failure has long been associated with severe Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF). Despite many descriptions of the protean manifestations of this disease, relatively little is known concerning the risk factors for acute renal failure. Only a few studies have examined the outcome of patients infected with \textit{Rickettsia rickettsii} who develop renal insufficiency, and these studies had methodological problems.{\textless}/p{\textgreater}{\textless}h3{\textgreater}Objective{\textless}/h3{\textgreater}{\textless}p{\textgreater}To study the incidence, risk factors, and outcomes of acute renal failure in a large group of hospitalized patients with definite or probable RMSF.{\textless}/p{\textgreater}{\textless}h3{\textgreater}Methods{\textless}/h3{\textgreater}{\textless}p{\textgreater}The clinical records of 114 patients with definite or probable RMSF were retrospectively reviewed to identify clinical and biochemical abnormalities at the time of admission that were associated with the development of acute renal failure and subsequent mortality. Renal failure was defined as a serum creatinine (Cr) above 2 mg/dL. Logistic regression was used to study the association between these variables and the outcomes during hospitalization: death and the development of acute renal failure.{\textless}/p{\textgreater}{\textless}h3{\textgreater}Results{\textless}/h3{\textgreater}{\textless}p{\textgreater}The mortality rate in this series was 14\%; 19\% of the patients developed acute renal failure. The development of acute renal failure increased the odds ratio (OR) of dying by a factor of 17 (\textit{P} = 0.001). Factors at the time of hospitalization that were associated at a univariate level with subsequent mortality included elevated serum Cr, increased age, increased level of AST, increased level of bilirubin, decreased serum sodium and platelet count, the presence of neurological involvement, and being male. Both the presence of neurological involvement and an elevated serum Cr at presentation were independently associated with increased mortality by multivariate analysis. Three patients developed acute renal failure that required hemodialysis, and only 1 of these 3 patients survived; he was ultimately discharged with a normal serum Cr. Factors at presentation that were associated with the development of acute renal failure included increased bilirubin, increasing age, thrombocytopenia, and the presence of neurological involvement. Both age and decreased platelet count at presentation were independently associated with the development of acute renal failure by multivariate analysis.{\textless}/p{\textgreater}{\textless}h3{\textgreater}Conclusion{\textless}/h3{\textgreater}{\textless}p{\textgreater}Acute renal failure was a frequent complication of RMSF in this series of patients from a tertiary referral medical center. The presence of acute renal failure was strongly associated with death. Clinical and biochemical variables are useful in predicting which patients will develop acute renal failure.{\textless}/p{\textgreater}}, issn = {0002-9343, 1555-7162}, doi = {10.1016/S0002-9343(96)00332-4}, url = {https://www.amjmed.com/article/S0002-9343(96)00332-4/abstract}, author = {Conlon, Peter J. and Procop, Gary W. and Fowler, Vance and Eloubeidi, Mohamed Ali and Smith, Stephen R. and Sexton, Daniel J.} } @article {1206, title = {Preliminary epidemiologic assessment of MERS-CoV outbreak in South Korea, May{\textendash}June 2015}, journal = {Euro surveillance: bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles= European communicable disease bulletin}, volume = {20}, year = {2015}, doi = {10.2807/1560-7917.es2015.20.25.21163}, url = { https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4535930/ }, author = {Cowling, Benjamin J and Park, Minah and Fang, Vicky J and Wu, Peng and Leung, Gabriel M and Wu, Joseph T} } @article {1860, title = {Presence of pathogens and indicator microbes at a non-point source subtropical recreational marine beach}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {76}, year = {2010}, pages = {724{\textendash}732}, author = {Abdelzaher, Amir M and Wright, Mary E and Ortega, Cristina and Solo-Gabriele, Helena M and Miller, Gary and Elmir, Samir and Newman, Xihui and Shih, Peter and Bonilla, J Alfredo and Bonilla, Tonya D and others} } @article {we04, title = {Prevalence of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli-associated diarrhoea and carrier state in the developing world}, journal = {Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition}, volume = {22}, number = {4}, year = {2004}, pages = {370-382}, url = {http://imsear.hellis.org/handle/123456789/542}, author = {Wenner{\r a}s, C. and Erling, V.} } @article {1196, title = {Prevalence of Legionella spp. in swimming pool environment}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {35}, year = {2001}, pages = {3749{\textendash}3753}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(01)00075-6}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0043135401000756?via\%3Dihub}, author = {Leoni, E and Legnani, PP and Sabattini, MA Bucci and Righi, F} } @book {c96, title = {Prevalence of shigellosis in the US: consistency with dose-response information}, year = {1996}, publisher = {87-99}, organization = {87-99}, address = {International journal of food microbiology 30.1-2}, author = {Crockett, Christopher S. and others} } @article {correia2016probable, title = {Probable person-to-person transmission of Legionnaires{\textquoteright} disease}, journal = {New England Journal of Medicine}, volume = {374}, number = {5}, year = {2016}, pages = {497{\textendash}498}, publisher = {Mass Medical Soc}, author = {Correia, Ana M and Ferreira, Joana S and Borges, V{\'\i}tor and Nunes, Alexandra and Gomes, Bernardo and Capucho, Rui and Gon{\c c}alves, Jorge and Antunes, Delfina M and Almeida, S{\'o}nia and Mendes, Ana and others} } @article {ccgflgk65, title = {Production of Illness with a Small-Particle Aerosol of Coxsackie A21*}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Investigation}, volume = {44}, year = {1965}, pages = {4}, author = {Couch, R. B. and Cate, T. R. and Gerone, P. J. and Fleet, W. F. and Lang, D. J. and Griffith, W. R. and Knight, V.} } @article {lcmg05, title = {Progression of primary pneumonic plague: A mouse model of infection, pathology, and bacterial transcriptional activity}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {102}, number = {49}, year = {2005}, pages = {17786-17791}, doi = {10.1073/pnas.0506840102}, url = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16306265/}, author = {Lathem, W W and Crosby, S D and Miller, V L and Goldman, W E} } @article {1830, title = {Pseudomonas aeruginosa folliculitis after shower/bath exposure}, journal = {International journal of dermatology}, volume = {39}, year = {2000}, pages = {270{\textendash}273}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-4362.2000.00931.x}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1365-4362.2000.00931.x?sid=nlm\%3Apubmed }, author = {Zichichi, Leonardo and Asta, Gaetano and Noto, Giuseppe} } @article {1812, title = {Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections of the eye}, journal = {California medicine}, volume = {79}, year = {1953}, pages = {438}, author = {Spencer, William H} } @article {1854, title = {Pseudomonas aeruignosa: a formidable and ever-present adversary}, journal = {Journal of Hospital Infection}, volume = {73}, year = {2009}, pages = {338 - 344}, author = {Kerr, K.G. and Snelling, A.M.} } @article {pbb, title = {Q fever}, journal = {The Lancet}, volume = {367}, number = {9511}, year = {2006}, month = {February}, pages = {679-688}, doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68266-4}, url = {Http//:www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673606682664}, author = {Parker, N. R. and Barralet, J. H. and Bell, A. M.} } @book {s12, title = {Q Fever}, year = {2012}, url = {http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/227156-overview$\#$a0156}, author = {Struble, K. Cunha B.} } @article {hwmt08, title = {Q Fever: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment}, journal = {Mayo Clinic Proceedings}, volume = {83}, year = {2008}, pages = {574-579}, doi = {10.4065/83.5.574}, url = {http://download.journals.elsevierhealth.com/pdfs/journals/0025-6196/PIIS0025619611607337.pdf}, author = {Hartzell, J. D. and Wood-Morris, R. N. and Martinez, L. J. and Trotta, R. F.} } @article {1808, title = {Quantification of the Effects of Age on the Dose Response of Variola major in Suckling Mice}, journal = {Human and Ecological Risk Assessment}, volume = {15}, year = {2009}, pages = {1245{\textendash}1256}, author = {Weir, Mark H and Haas, Charles N} } @article {1820, title = {Quantification of the {Effects} of {Age} on the {Dose} {Response} of {{Variola} major in {Suckling} {Mice}}, journal = {Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2009}, pages = {1245{\textendash}1256}, abstract = {

Dose-response data for Variola major (V. major), the causative agent of smallpox, were obtained from the open literature, summarized, and fitted with three doseresponse models. It is known from prior outbreak experience that there is generally a difference in infectivity of the agent and its subsequent mortality depending on the age of the patient. A source of animal dose-response data were found with age delineation for the exposure group (suckling mice, intraperitoneal exposure). This delineation was used to adapt current dose-response models to include an age dependency parameter. The degree of the models{\textquoteright} fit to the data was ascertained using maximum likelihood estimation (MLE). The effect of host age could be described quantitatively using modifications to the beta Poisson and exponential dose-response models. The modifications improvement in the accuracy of risk prediction by 72\% for the beta Poisson model and 7\% for the exponential model, compared to the original (unmodified) models.

}, issn = {1080-7039, 1549-7860}, doi = {10.1080/10807030903304906}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10807030903304906}, author = {Weir, Mark H. and Haas, Charles N.} } @book {haas1999quantitative, title = {Quantitative microbial risk assessment}, year = {1999}, publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons}, organization = {John Wiley \& Sons}, author = {Haas, Charles N and Rose, Joan B and Gerba, Charles P} } @mastersthesis {a05, title = {A quantitative microbial risk assessment model for human inhalation exposure to legionella}, year = {2005}, type = {phd}, author = {Armstrong, Thomas W} } @article {1884, title = {Quantitative microbial risk assessment of human illness from exposure to marine beach sand}, journal = {Environmental science \& technology}, volume = {46}, year = {2012}, pages = {2799{\textendash}2805}, author = {Shibata, Tomoyuki and Solo-Gabriele, Helena M} } @book {hrg99, title = {Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment, Second Edition}, year = {2014}, publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons, Inc}, organization = {John Wiley \& Sons, Inc}, address = {New York, NY}, doi = {10.1002/9781118910030}, url = {https://onlinelibrary-wiley-com.proxy1.cl.msu.edu/doi/book/10.1002/9781118910030}, author = {Haas, C N and Rose, J B and Gerba, C P} } @book {hrg14, title = {Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment: Second Edition}, year = {2014}, publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons}, organization = {John Wiley \& Sons}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781118910030}, author = {Haas, CN and Rose, JB and Gerba, CP} } @article {bgs61, title = {Quantitative studies of Mycobacterium johnei in the tissues of sheep}, journal = {Journal of Comparative Pathology}, volume = {71}, year = {1961}, pages = {286}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14317616}, author = {Brotherston, J G and Gilmour, N J and Samuel, J} } @article {ngb62, title = {Quantitative studies of Mycobacterium johnei in tissues of sheep. 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