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	author = {DuPont, H L and Formal, S B and Hornick, R B and Snyder, M J and Libonati, J P and Sheahan, D G and LaBrec, E H and Kalas, J P}
}
@article {dupont_pathogenesis_1971,
	title = {Pathogenesis of {Escherichia} coli {Diarrhea}},
	journal = {New England Journal of Medicine},
	volume = {285},
	number = {1},
	year = {1971},
	note = {Publisher: Massachusetts Medical Society},
	pages = {1{\textendash}9},
	issn = {0028-4793},
	doi = {10.1056/NEJM197107012850101},
	url = {https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJM197107012850101},
	author = {DuPont, Herbert L. and Formal, Samuel B. and Hornick, Richard B. and Snyder, Merrill J. and Libonati, Joseph P. and Sheahan, Daniel G. and LaBrec, Eugene H. and Kalas, John P.}
}
@article {ldfhtgsl73,
	title = {Pathogenesis of Shigella dysenteriae 1 (Shiga) Dysentery},
	journal = {Journal of Infectious Diseases},
	volume = {127},
	year = {1973},
	pages = {3},
	author = {Levine, M M and DuPont, H L and Formal, S B and Hornick, R B and Takeuchi, A and Gangarosa, E J and Snyder, M J and Libonati, J P}
}
@article {levine_pathogenesis_1973,
	title = {Pathogenesis of {Shigella} dysenteriae 1 ({Shiga}) {Dysentery}},
	journal = {The Journal of Infectious Diseases},
	volume = {127},
	number = {3},
	year = {1973},
	pages = {261{\textendash}270},
	abstract = {The Shiga bacillus is exceptional among enteric pathogens in possessing two potential pathogenetic modes of action, invasiveness and enterotoxin. The role of each was investigated. ,Two fully virulent (invasive toxigenic) and two modified (noninvasive toxigenic and invasive nontoxigenic) Shiga strains were defined in animal and in-vitro models. The virulent strains produced disease in volunteers in doses as low as 101 organisms. Illness was characterized by fever, short-lived diarrhea, and passage of scanty stools of blood and mucus. During illness, the pathogen was isolated from one of 16 samples of small-intestinal contents, and free toxin could not be demonstrated. Concomitantly, large numbers of Shiga organisms were excreted in stool. The major lesions were in the large bowel where clinical colitis was confirmed by proctoscopy and biopsy. Large numbers of a noninvasive toxigenic strain (106-1011 organisms) were well tolerated by 85 of 86 men. One volunteer had dysentery after the organism had reverted to an invasive form. In contrast, an invasive nontoxigenic strain caused shigellosis in monkeys and volunteers. Epithelial penetration is the cardinal virulence property of Shigella dysenteriae 1. The role of Shiga toxin in human disease remains to be defined.},
	issn = {0022-1899},
	doi = {10.1093/infdis/127.3.261},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/127.3.261},
	author = {Levine, Myron M. and DuPont, Herbert L. and Formal, Samuel B. and Hornick, Richard B. and Takeuchi, Akio and Gangarosa, Eugene J. and Snyder, Merrill J. and Libonati, Joseph P.}
}
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@article {conlon_predictors_1996,
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	number = {6},
	year = {1996},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier},
	pages = {621{\textendash}626},
	abstract = {{\textless}h3{\textgreater}Background{\textless}/h3{\textgreater}{\textless}p{\textgreater}Acute renal failure has long been associated with severe Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF). Despite many descriptions of the protean manifestations of this disease, relatively little is known concerning the risk factors for acute renal failure. Only a few studies have examined the outcome of patients infected with \textit{Rickettsia rickettsii} who develop renal insufficiency, and these studies had methodological problems.{\textless}/p{\textgreater}{\textless}h3{\textgreater}Objective{\textless}/h3{\textgreater}{\textless}p{\textgreater}To study the incidence, risk factors, and outcomes of acute renal failure in a large group of hospitalized patients with definite or probable RMSF.{\textless}/p{\textgreater}{\textless}h3{\textgreater}Methods{\textless}/h3{\textgreater}{\textless}p{\textgreater}The clinical records of 114 patients with definite or probable RMSF were retrospectively reviewed to identify clinical and biochemical abnormalities at the time of admission that were associated with the development of acute renal failure and subsequent mortality. Renal failure was defined as a serum creatinine (Cr) above 2 mg/dL. Logistic regression was used to study the association between these variables and the outcomes during hospitalization: death and the development of acute renal failure.{\textless}/p{\textgreater}{\textless}h3{\textgreater}Results{\textless}/h3{\textgreater}{\textless}p{\textgreater}The mortality rate in this series was 14\%; 19\% of the patients developed acute renal failure. The development of acute renal failure increased the odds ratio (OR) of dying by a factor of 17 (\textit{P} = 0.001). Factors at the time of hospitalization that were associated at a univariate level with subsequent mortality included elevated serum Cr, increased age, increased level of AST, increased level of bilirubin, decreased serum sodium and platelet count, the presence of neurological involvement, and being male. Both the presence of neurological involvement and an elevated serum Cr at presentation were independently associated with increased mortality by multivariate analysis. Three patients developed acute renal failure that required hemodialysis, and only 1 of these 3 patients survived; he was ultimately discharged with a normal serum Cr. Factors at presentation that were associated with the development of acute renal failure included increased bilirubin, increasing age, thrombocytopenia, and the presence of neurological involvement. Both age and decreased platelet count at presentation were independently associated with the development of acute renal failure by multivariate analysis.{\textless}/p{\textgreater}{\textless}h3{\textgreater}Conclusion{\textless}/h3{\textgreater}{\textless}p{\textgreater}Acute renal failure was a frequent complication of RMSF in this series of patients from a tertiary referral medical center. The presence of acute renal failure was strongly associated with death. Clinical and biochemical variables are useful in predicting which patients will develop acute renal failure.{\textless}/p{\textgreater}},
	issn = {0002-9343, 1555-7162},
	doi = {10.1016/S0002-9343(96)00332-4},
	url = {https://www.amjmed.com/article/S0002-9343(96)00332-4/abstract},
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}
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