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	volume = {125},
	year = {1972},
	pages = {1},
	author = {DuPont, H. L. and Hornick, R. B. and Snyder, M. J. and Libonati, J. P. and Formal, S. B. and Gangarosa, E. J.}
}
@article {dupont_immunity_1972,
	title = {Immunity in {Shigellosis}. {I}. {Response} of {Man} to {Attenuated} {Strains} of {Shigella}},
	journal = {The Journal of Infectious Diseases},
	volume = {125},
	number = {1},
	year = {1972},
	pages = {5{\textendash}11},
	abstract = {Four attenuated strains of Shigella flexneri 2a have been tested for stability and safety as vaccines in man. One strain, a Shigella-Escherichia coli hybrid, was virulent for man in doses of 108 cells, while a mutant strain reverted to virulence when 1010 cells were administered orally. Two vaccine strains, a Shigella mutant E. coli hybrid and a streptomycin-dependent mutant, were safely given to adult males in doses of 5{\textendash}10 {\texttimes} 1010 cells. Pretreatment with sodium bicarbonate was essential for the assurance of intestinal transit of viable vaccine organisms, and less than one-third of those vaccinated developed rises in humoral antibody. Streptomycin-independent revertants could be recovered only rarely in vivo when the streptomicin-dependent mutant was used, and one revertant found was avirulent. These studies have outlined the important biologic requirements of potential live oral shigella vaccines. Strains must not penetrate the intestinal mucosa and must be stable without reverting to virulence at levels of dosage used.},
	issn = {0022-1899},
	doi = {10.1093/infdis/125.1.5},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/125.1.5},
	author = {DuPont, Herbert L. and Hornick, Richard B. and Snyder, Merrill J. and Libonati, Joseph P. and Formal, Samuel B. and Gangarosa, Eugene J.}
}
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}
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}
@article {bravata2007inhalational,
	title = {Inhalational, gastrointestinal, and cutaneous anthrax in children: a systematic review of cases: 1900 to 2005},
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	volume = {161},
	number = {9},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {896{\textendash}905},
	publisher = {American Medical Association},
	author = {Bravata, Dena M and Holty, Jon-Erik C and Wang, Ewen and Lewis, Robyn and Wise, Paul H and McDonald, Kathryn M and Owens, Douglas K}
}
@inbook {bhwlwmo07,
	title = {Inhalational, Gastrointestinal, and Cutaneous Anthrax in Children},
	booktitle = {Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {896-905},
	publisher = {[Full Text},
	organization = {[Full Text},
	address = {161 (9)},
	url = {http://archpedi.ama-assn.org/cgi/reprint/161/9/896.pdf},
	author = {Bravata, D. and Holty, J. and Wang, E. and Lewis, R. and Wise, P. and Mcdonald, K. and Owen, D.}
}
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	title = {Inoculum Size in Shigellosis and Implications for Expected Mode of Transmission},
	journal = {Journal of Infectious Diseases},
	volume = {159},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {6},
	author = {DuPont, H. L. and Levine, M. M. and Hornick, R. B. and Formal, S. B.}
}
@article {dupont_inoculum_1989,
	title = {Inoculum {Size} in {Shigellosis} and {Implications} for {Expected} {Mode} of {Transmission}},
	journal = {The Journal of Infectious Diseases},
	volume = {159},
	number = {6},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {1126{\textendash}1128},
	issn = {0022-1899},
	doi = {10.1093/infdis/159.6.1126},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/159.6.1126},
	author = {DuPont, Herbert L. and Levine, Myron M. and Hornick, Richard B. and Formal, Samuel B.}
}
@article {moore2006introduction,
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	volume = {72},
	number = {1},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {378{\textendash}383},
	publisher = {Am Soc Microbiol},
	author = {Moore, Matthew R and Pryor, Marsha and Fields, Barry and Lucas, Claressa and Phelan, Maureen and Besser, Richard E}
}
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	author = {Levine, M M and Rennels, M B and Cisneros, L and Hughes, T P and Nalin, D R and Young, C R}
}
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	number = {3},
	year = {1980},
	pages = {347-355},
	url = {http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/content/111/3/347.full.pdf+html},
	author = {Levine, M. M. and others}
}
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	author = {Clements, M. L. and Levine, M. M. and Black, R. E. and Robins-Browne, R. M. and Cisneros, L. A. and Drusano, G. L. and Lanata, C. F. and Saah, A. J.}
}
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	year = {Submitted},
	pages = {8},
	author = {Teunis Pfm and Moe, C. L. and Liu, P. and E. Miller, S and Lindesmith, L. and Baric, R. S.}
}
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	title = {Legionella pneumophila in residential water supplies: environmental surveillance with clinical assessment for Legionnaires{\textquoteright} disease.},
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	number = {1},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {49},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	author = {Stout, JE and Yu, VL and Yee, YC and Vaccarello, S and Diven, W and Lee, TC}
}
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	title = {Membrane filter technique for enumeration of enterococci in marine waters},
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	volume = {30},
	year = {1975},
	pages = {66{\textendash}71},
	author = {Levin, MA and Fischer, JR and Cabelli, VJ}
}
@article {bonadonna2009microbial,
	title = {Microbial characterization of water and biofilms in drinking water distribution systems at sport facilities},
	journal = {Central European journal of public health},
	volume = {17},
	number = {2},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {99},
	publisher = {National Institute of Public Health},
	author = {Bonadonna, Lucia and Briancesco, RosseIla and Della Libera, Simonetta and Lacchetti, Ines and Paradiso, Rosa and Semproni, Maurizio}
}
@article {1880,
	title = {Microbiological quality assessment of sand and water from three selected beaches of South Coast, Sao Paulo State, Brazil},
	journal = {Water Science and Technology},
	volume = {66},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {2475{\textendash}2482},
	author = {Pinto, KC and Hachich, EM and Sato, MIZ and Di Bari, M and Coelho, MCLS and Matte, Maria Helena and Lamparelli, CC and Razzolini, Maria Tereza Pepe}
}
@article {lkycy02,
	title = {Model of Differential Susceptibility to Mucosal Burkholderia pseudomallei Infection},
	journal = {Infection and Immunity},
	volume = {70},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {2},
	author = {Liu, B and Koo, G C and Yap, E H and Chua, K L and Gan Y-h}
}
@article {kotloff_modified_1995,
	title = {A modified {Shigella} volunteer challenge model in which the inoculum is administered with bicarbonate buffer: clinical experience and implications for {Shigella} infectivity},
	journal = {Vaccine},
	volume = {13},
	number = {16},
	year = {1995},
	month = {jan},
	pages = {1488{\textendash}1494},
	abstract = {{In the absence of a definitive immunologic correlate of protection against shigellosis, promising Shigella vaccine candidates have been selected based on their ability to confer resistance against experimental challenge with wild-type Shigella in healthy adult volunteers. A limitation of this model has been the low and often variable attack rate of illness among controls, necessitating repeated inpatient studies to demonstrate statistically significant results. In this study, the Shigella challenge model was modified by using bicarbonate buffer instead of skimmed milk as the delivery vehicle to enhance survival of the ingested challenge inoculum. To determine the ability of the modified model to detect protective efficacy, 11 veteran volunteers (previously challenged with S. flexneri 2a in bicarbonate buffer) and 12 immunologically naive control subjects were challenged with 1.4 {\texttimes} 103 c.f.u. S. flexneri 2a. Shigellosis occurred in 3 veterans and 11 control subjects (27 vs 92\%},
	keywords = {bacillary dysentery, infectivity, vaccines, volunteers},
	issn = {0264-410X},
	doi = {10.1016/0264-410X(95)00102-7},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0264410X95001027},
	author = {Kotloff, Karen L. and Nataro, James P. and Losonsky, Genevieve A. and Wasserman, Steven S. and Hale, Thomas L. and Taylor, David N. and Sadoff, Jerald C. and Levine, Myron M.}
}
@article {abmzhrhlsdgblwmpfl06,
	title = {Murine Hepatitis Virus Strain 1 Produces a Clinically Relevant Model of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome in A/J Mice},
	journal = {Journal of Virology},
	volume = {80},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {21},
	doi = {10.1128/JVI.00747-06},
	url = {http://jvi.asm.org/content/80/21/10382.abstract},
	author = {Albuquerque, N D and Baig, E and Ma, X and Zhang, J and He, W and Rowe, A and Habal, M and Liu, M and Shalev, I and Downey, G P and Gorczynski, R and Butany, J and Leibowitz, J and Weiss, S R and McGilvray, I D and Phillips, M J and Fish, E N and Levy, G A}
}
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	journal = {The New England journal of medicine},
	volume = {285},
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	abstract = {The Shiga bacillus is exceptional among enteric pathogens in possessing two potential pathogenetic modes of action, invasiveness and enterotoxin. The role of each was investigated. ,Two fully virulent (invasive toxigenic) and two modified (noninvasive toxigenic and invasive nontoxigenic) Shiga strains were defined in animal and in-vitro models. The virulent strains produced disease in volunteers in doses as low as 101 organisms. Illness was characterized by fever, short-lived diarrhea, and passage of scanty stools of blood and mucus. During illness, the pathogen was isolated from one of 16 samples of small-intestinal contents, and free toxin could not be demonstrated. Concomitantly, large numbers of Shiga organisms were excreted in stool. The major lesions were in the large bowel where clinical colitis was confirmed by proctoscopy and biopsy. Large numbers of a noninvasive toxigenic strain (106-1011 organisms) were well tolerated by 85 of 86 men. One volunteer had dysentery after the organism had reverted to an invasive form. In contrast, an invasive nontoxigenic strain caused shigellosis in monkeys and volunteers. Epithelial penetration is the cardinal virulence property of Shigella dysenteriae 1. The role of Shiga toxin in human disease remains to be defined.},
	issn = {0022-1899},
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