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	journal = {European journal of clinical microbiology \& infectious diseases},
	volume = {21},
	number = {4},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {258{\textendash}261},
	publisher = {Springer},
	author = {Kaya, A and Tasyaran, M and Erol, S and Ozkurt, Z and Ozkan, B}
}
@article {kteoo02,
	title = {Anthrax in Adults and Children: A Review of 132 Cases in Turkey},
	journal = {Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis},
	volume = {21},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {258-261},
	url = {http://www.springerlink.com/content/v8ctc3ajmnwxhryn/fulltext.pdf},
	author = {Kaya, A. and Tasyaran, M. and Erol, S. and Ozkurt, Z. and Ozkan, B.}
}
@article {1242,
	title = {Assessment of pathogen survival potential during managed aquifer recharge with diffusion chambers},
	journal = {Journal of applied microbiology},
	volume = {113},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {693{\textendash}700},
	author = {Sidhu, JPS and Toze, Simon}
}
@article {hines2014assessment,
	title = {Assessment of relative potential for Legionella species or surrogates inhalation exposure from common water uses},
	journal = {Water research},
	volume = {56},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {203{\textendash}213},
	publisher = {Elsevier},
	author = {Hines, Stephanie A and Chappie, Daniel J and Lordo, Robert A and Miller, Brian D and Janke, Robert J and Lindquist, H Alan and Fox, Kim R and Ernst, Hiba S and Taft, Sarah C}
}
@article {medema1996assessment,
	title = {Assessment of the dose-response relationship of Campylobacter jejuni},
	journal = {International journal of food microbiology},
	volume = {30},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {101{\textendash}111},
	publisher = {Elsevier},
	author = {Medema, GJ and Teunis, PFM and Havelaar, AH and Haas, CN}
}
@article {mthh96,
	title = {Assessment of the Dose-Response Relationship of Campylobacter jejuni},
	journal = {International Journal of Food Microbiology},
	volume = {1},
	number = {2},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {101-111},
	author = {Medema, G. J. and Teunis, P. F. and Havelaar, A. H. and Haas, C. N.}
}
@article {tbsotrwcwgbmab10,
	title = {Assessment of the Duration of Protection in Campylobacter jejuni Experimental Infection in Humans},
	journal = {Infection and Immunity},
	volume = {78},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {4},
	author = {Tribble, D R and Baqar, S and Scott, D A and Oplinger, M L and Trespalacios, F and Rollins, D and Walker, R I and Clements, J D and Walz, S and Gibbs, P and Burg, E F and Moran, A P and Applebee, L and Bourgeois, A L}
}
@article {1221,
	title = {Assessment of the risk of infection by Cryptosporidium or Giardia in drinking water from a surface water source},
	journal = {Water Research},
	volume = {31},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {1333{\textendash}1346},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0043135496003879},
	author = {Teunis, PFM and Medema, GJ and Kruidenier, L and Havelaar, AH}
}
@article {jsaotgtzpmqhfssmgsmghp01,
	title = {Bioterrorism Related Inhalational Anthrax: The First 10 Cases Reported in the United States},
	journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {933-944},
	author = {Jernigan, J. A. and Stephens, D. S. and Ashford, D. A. and Omenaca, C. and Topiel, M. S> and Galbraith, M. and Tapper, M. and Zaki, S. and Popovic, T. and Meyer, R. F. and Quinn, C. P. and Harper, S. A. and Fridkin, S. K. and Sejvar, J. J. and Shepard, C. W. and McConnell, M. and Guarner, J. and Sheith, W-j. and Malecki, J. M. and Gerberding, J. L. and Hughes, J. M. and Perkins, B. A.}
}
@article {jernigan2001bioterrorism,
	title = {Bioterrorism-related inhalational anthrax: the first 10 cases reported in the United States.},
	journal = {Emerging infectious diseases},
	volume = {7},
	number = {6},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {933},
	publisher = {Centers for Disease Control and Prevention},
	author = {Jernigan, John A and Stephens, David S and Ashford, David A and Omenaca, Carlos and Topiel, Martin S and Galbraith, Mark and Tapper, Michael and Fisk, Tamara L and Zaki, Sherif and Popovic, Tanja}
}
@article {tribble2009campylobacter,
	title = {Campylobacter jejuni strain CG8421: a refined model for the study of Campylobacteriosis and evaluation of Campylobacter vaccines in human subjects},
	journal = {Clinical infectious diseases},
	volume = {49},
	number = {10},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {1512{\textendash}1519},
	publisher = {The University of Chicago Press},
	author = {Tribble, David R and Baqar, Shahida and Carmolli, Marya P and Porter, Chad and Pierce, Kristen K and Sadigh, Katrin and Guerry, Patricia and Larsson, Catherine J and Rockabrand, David and Ventone, Cassandra H and others}
}
@article {tbcppsglrv,
	title = {Campylobacter jejuni strain CG8421: a refined model for the study of Campylobacteriosis and evaluation of Campylobacter vaccines in human subjects},
	journal = {Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America},
	volume = {49},
	number = {10},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {1512-1519},
	url = {http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN\&cpsidt=22121873},
	author = {Tribble, D. R. and Baqar, S. and Carmolli, M. P. and Porter, C. and Pierce, K. K. and Sadigh, K. and Guerry, P. and Larsson, C. J. and Rockabrand, D. and Ventone, C. H. and others}
}
@article {tbcppsglrvpldfgdjrhdk09,
	title = {Campylobacter jejuni Strain CG8421: A Refined Model for the Study of Campylobacteriosis and Evaluation of Campylobacter Vaccines in Human Subjects},
	journal = {Clinical Infectious Diseases},
	volume = {49},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {10},
	author = {Tribble, D R and Baqar, S and Carmolli, M P and Porter, C and Pierce, K K and Sadigh, K and Guerry, P and Larsson, C J and Rockabrand, D and Ventone, C H and Poly, F and Lyon, C E and Dakdouk, S and Fingar, A and Gilliland, T and Daunais, P and Jones, E and Rymarchyk, S and Huston, C and Darsley, M and Kirkpatrick, B D}
}
@article {1228,
	title = {Cholera surveillance during the Haiti epidemic{\textemdash}the first 2 years},
	journal = {New England Journal of Medicine},
	volume = {368},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {599{\textendash}609},
	doi = {10.1056/NEJMoa1204927},
	author = {Barzilay, EJ and Schaad, Nicolas and Magloire, Roc and Mung, KS and Boncy, Jacques and Dahourou, GA and Mintz, ED and Steenland, MW and Vertefeuille, JF and Tappero, JW}
}
@article {1229,
	title = {Cholera surveillance during the Haiti epidemic{\textemdash}the first 2 years},
	journal = {New England Journal of Medicine},
	volume = {368},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {599{\textendash}609},
	author = {Barzilay, Ezra J and Schaad, Nicolas and Magloire, Roc and Mung, Kam S and Boncy, Jacques and Dahourou, Georges A and Mintz, Eric D and Steenland, Maria W and Vertefeuille, John F and Tappero, Jordan W}
}
@article {martinelli2000comparison,
	title = {A comparison of Legionella pneumophila occurrence in hot water tanks and instantaneous devices in domestic, nosocomial, and community environments},
	journal = {Current Microbiology},
	volume = {41},
	number = {5},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {374{\textendash}376},
	publisher = {Springer},
	author = {Martinelli, Fabrizia and Caruso, Arnaldo and Moschini, Lina and Turano, Adolfo and Scarcella, Carmelo and Speziani, Fabrizio}
}
@article {colwatt06,
	title = {Cryptosporidium Hominis: Experimental Challenge of Healthy Adults},
	journal = {The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene},
	volume = {75},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {5},
	url = {http://www.ajtmh.org/content/journals/10.4269/ajtmh.2006.75.851},
	author = {Chappell, C L and Okhuysen, P C and Langer-Curry, R and Widmer, G and Akiyoshi, D E and Tanriverdi, S and Tzipori, S}
}
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	title = {Cultural theory and risk: a review},
	journal = {Health, risk \& society},
	volume = {1},
	number = {1},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {71-90},
	author = {Tansey, James and Tim O{\textquoteright}riordan}
}
@book {hhmxkt06,
	title = {Deaths: Final Data for National Vital Statistics Reports.},
	year = {2006},
	publisher = {National Center for Health Statistics},
	organization = {National Center for Health Statistics},
	url = {http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr57/nvsr57_14.pdf},
	author = {Heron, M. and Hoyert, D. and Murphy, S. L. and Xu, J. and Kochanek, K. D. and Tejada-Vera, B.},
	editor = {Division of Vital Statistics}
}
@article {1856,
	title = {Defective Phagocytosis and Clearance of <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> in the Lung Following Bone Marrow Transplantation},
	journal = {The Journal of Immunology},
	volume = {171},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003/10/15/},
	pages = {4416 - 4424},
	abstract = {<p>Abstract Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) is an important therapeutic option for a variety of malignant and nonmalignant disorders. Unfortunately, BMT recipients are at increased risk of infection, and in particular, pulmonary complications occur frequently. Although the risk of infection is greatest during the neutropenic period immediately following transplant, patients are still vulnerable to pulmonary infections even after neutrophil engraftment. We evaluated the risk of infection in this postengraftment period by using a well-established mouse BMT model. Seven days after syngeneic BMT, B6D2F1 mice are no longer neutropenic, and by 3 wk, they demonstrate complete reconstitution of the peripheral blood. However, these mice remain more susceptible throughout 8 wk to infection after intratracheal administration of Pseudomonas aeruginosa; increased mortality in the P. aeruginosa-infected BMT mice correlates with increased bacterial burden in the lungs as well as increased systemic dissemination. This heightened susceptibility to infection was not secondary to a defect in inflammatory cell recruitment to the lung. The inability to clear P. aeruginosa in the lung correlated with reduced phagocytosis of the bacteria by alveolar macrophages (AMs), but not neutrophils, decreased production of TNF-α by AMs, and decreased levels of TNF-α and IFN-γ in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid following infection. Expression of the β2 integrins CD11a and CD11c was reduced on AMs from BMT mice compared with wild-type mice. Thus, despite restoration of peripheral blood count, phagocytic defects in the AMs of BMT mice persist and may contribute to the increased risk of infection seen in the postengraftment period.</p>
},
	isbn = {0022-1767, 1550-6606},
	url = {https://journals.aai.org/jimmunol/article/171/8/4416/35775/Defective-Phagocytosis-and-Clearance-of},
	author = {Ojielo, Charles I. and Cooke, Kenneth and Mancuso, Pete and Standiford, Theodore J. and Olkiewicz, Krystyna M. and Clouthier, Shawn and Corrion, Leigh and Ballinger, Megan N. and Toews, Galen B. and Paine, Robert and Moore, Bethany B.}
}
@article {1917,
	title = {Defective phagocytosis and clearance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the lung following bone marrow transplantation},
	journal = {The Journal of Immunology},
	volume = {171},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {4416{\textendash}4424},
	author = {Ojielo, Charles I and Cooke, Kenneth and Mancuso, Pete and Standiford, Theodore J and Olkiewicz, Krystyna M and Clouthier, Shawn and Corrion, Leigh and Ballinger, Megan N and Toews, Galen B and Paine, Robert and others}
}
@article {ht,
	title = {Development and Validation of Dose-Response Relationship for Listeria monocytogenes},
	journal = {Quantitative Microbiology},
	volume = {1},
	number = {1},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {89-102},
	author = {Haas, C N and Thayyar-Madabusi, A}
}
@article {tts04,
	title = {Dose response for infection by Escherichia coli O157:H7 from outbreak data},
	journal = {Risk Analysis: An Official Publication of the Society for Risk Analysis},
	volume = {24},
	number = {2},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {401-407},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00441.x/pdf},
	author = {Teunis, P. and Takumi, K. and Shinagawa, K.}
}
@article {chen2006dose,
	title = {Dose response for infectivity of several strains of Campylobacter jejuni in chickens},
	journal = {Risk Analysis},
	volume = {26},
	number = {6},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {1613{\textendash}1621},
	publisher = {Wiley Online Library},
	author = {Chen, Lailai and Geys, Helena and Cawthraw, Shaun and Havelaar, Arie and Teunis, Peter}
}
@article {cgcht06,
	title = {Dose response for infectivity of several strains of {\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}Campylobacter jejuni{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} in chickens},
	journal = {Risk Analysis},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {1613-1621},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2006.00850.x/pdf},
	author = {Chen, L. and Geys, H. and Cawthraw, S. and Havelaar, A. and Teunis, P.}
}
@article {cgcht06,
	title = {Dose response for infectivity of several strains of Campylobacter jejuni in chickens},
	journal = {Risk Analysis: An Official Publication of the Society for Risk Analysis},
	volume = {26},
	number = {6},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {1613-1621},
	author = {Chen, L. and Geys, H. and Cawthraw, S. and Havelaar, A. and Teunis, P.}
}
@article {cgcht06,
	title = {Dose Response for Infectivity of Several Strains of Campylobacter jejuni in Chickens},
	journal = {Risk Analysis},
	volume = {26},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {6},
	author = {Chen, L. and Geys, H. and Cawthraw, S. and Havelaar, A. and Teunis, P.}
}
@article {1833,
	title = {Dose response models for infectious gastroenteritis},
	journal = {Risk Analysis},
	volume = {19},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {1251{\textendash}1260},
	author = {Teunis, Peter FM and Nagelkerke, Nico JD and Haas, Charles N}
}
@article {mctbsc85,
	title = {Dose Response of Influenza A/Washington/897/80 (H3N2) Avian-Human Reassortant Virus in Adult Volunteers},
	journal = {The Journal of Infectious Diseases},
	volume = {152},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {1},
	url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/30104663?seq=1$\#$page_scan_tab_contents},
	author = {Murphy, B R and Clements, M L and Tierney, E L and Black, R E and Stienberg, J and Chanock, R M}
}
@article {stawmrmd08,
	title = {Dose-Response Model for Listeria monocytogenes-Induced Stillbirths in Nonhuman Primates},
	journal = {Infection and Immunity},
	volume = {76},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {2},
	author = {Smith, M A and Takeuchi, K and Anderson, G and Ware, G O and McClure, H M and Raybourne, R B and Mytle, N and Doyle, M P}
}
@article {tamrakar2011dose,
	title = {Dose-Response Model of Coxiella burnetii (Q Fever)},
	journal = {Risk Analysis},
	volume = {31},
	number = {1},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {120{\textendash}128},
	publisher = {Wiley Online Library},
	author = {Tamrakar, Sushil B and Haluska, Anne and Haas, Charles N and Bartrand, Timothy A}
}
@article {thhb11,
	title = {Dose-Response Model of Coxiella burnetii (Q Fever)},
	journal = {Risk Analysis},
	volume = {31},
	number = {1},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {120-128},
	author = {Tamrakar, S B and Haluska, A and Haas, C N and Bartrand, B A}
}
@article {chen2008efficacy,
	title = {Efficacy of point-of-entry copper{\textendash}silver ionisation system in eradicating Legionella pneumophila in a tropical tertiary care hospital: implications for hospitals contaminated with Legionella in both hot and cold water},
	journal = {Journal of Hospital Infection},
	volume = {68},
	number = {2},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {152{\textendash}158},
	publisher = {Elsevier},
	author = {Chen, Yu Sen and Lin, YE and Liu, Y-C and Huang, Wen Kuei and Shih, HY and Wann, Shue Ren and Lee, SS and Tsai, Hung Chin and Li, CH and Chao, HL and others}
}
@article {1235,
	title = {Environmental and epidemiological surveillance of Vibrio cholerae in a cholera-endemic region in India with freshwater environs},
	journal = {Journal of applied microbiology},
	volume = {112},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {225{\textendash}237},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.05191.x},
	author = {Mishra, A and Taneja, N and Sharma, M}
}
@article {ts03,
	title = {Francisella tularensis: an overview},
	journal = {American Society for Microbiology News},
	volume = {69},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {558-563},
	author = {Titball, R W and A Sjostedt}
}
@article {thomas2010free,
	title = {Free-living amoebae and their intracellular pathogenic microorganisms: risks for water quality},
	journal = {FEMS microbiology reviews},
	volume = {34},
	number = {3},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {231{\textendash}259},
	publisher = {Blackwell Publishing Ltd Oxford, UK},
	author = {Thomas, Vincent and McDonnell, Gerald and Denyer, Stephen P and Maillard, Jean-Yves}
}
@article {hfft03,
	title = {The Health Utilities Index (HUI): concepts, measurement properties and applications},
	journal = {Health and Quality of Life Outcomes},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {54},
	author = {Horsman, J. and Furlong, W. and Feeny, D. and Torrance, G.}
}
@article {1204,
	title = {Hospital-associated outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: a serologic, epidemiologic, and clinical description},
	journal = {Clinical Infectious Diseases},
	volume = {59},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {1225{\textendash}1233},
	doi = {10.1093/cid/ciu359},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4834865/ },
	author = {Al-Abdallat, Mohammad Mousa and Payne, Daniel C and Alqasrawi, Sultan and Rha, Brian and Tohme, Rania A and Abedi, Glen R and Al Nsour, Mohannad and Iblan, Ibrahim and Jarour, Najwa and Farag, Noha H and others}
}
@article {matnd81,
	title = {Human infective dose determinations for oral poliovirus type 1 vaccine in infants},
	journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology},
	volume = {13},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {2},
	author = {Minor, T. E. and Allen, C. I. and Tsiatis, A. A. and Nelson, D. B. and D{\^a}Alessio, D. J.}
}
@article {cwhctltdam07,
	title = {Immune response, ciprofloxacin activity, and gender differences after human experimental challenge by two strains of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli},
	journal = {Infection and immunity},
	volume = {75},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {1},
	author = {Coster, T S and Wolf, M K and Hall, E R and Cassels, F J and Taylor, D N and Liu, C T and Trespalacios, F C and DeLorimier, A and Angleberger, D R and McQueen, C E}
}
@article {twa95,
	title = {Inactivation of the bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent by rendering procedures},
	journal = {Veterinary Record},
	volume = {137},
	year = {1995},
	chapter = {605},
	url = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8746849/},
	author = {Taylor, D M and Woodgate, S L and Atkinson, M J}
}
@article {bbjkpnt,
	title = {Incidence of Bacteremic Melioidosis in Eastern and Northeastern Thailand},
	journal = {The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene},
	volume = {85},
	year = {2011},
	month = {2011},
	pages = {1},
	doi = {10.4269/ajtmh.2011.11-0070},
	url = {http://www.ajtmh.org/content/85/1/117},
	author = {Bhengsri, S. and Baggett, H. C. and Jorakate, P. and Kaewpan, A. and Prapasiri, P. and Naorat, S. and Thamthitiwat, S. and others}
}
@article {orcgwft02,
	title = {Infectivity of a Cryptosporidium parvum Isolate of Cervine Origin for Healthy Adults and Interferon-{\^I}{\textthreesuperior} Knockout Mice},
	journal = {Journal of Infectious Diseases},
	volume = {185},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {9},
	url = {https://academic.oup.com/jid/article/185/9/1320/937719},
	author = {Okhuysen, P C and Rich, S M and Chappell, C L and Grimes, K A and Widmer, G and Feng, X and Tzipori, S}
}
@article {bct79,
	title = {Kidney lesions in Rocky Mountain spotted fever. A light-, immunofluorescence-, and electron-microscopic study},
	journal = {Am. J. Pathol},
	volume = {97},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {381-390},
	author = {Bradford, W. D. and B. P. Croker and C. C. Tisher}
}
@article {borella2004legionella,
	title = {Legionella infection risk from domestic hot water},
	journal = {Emerging infectious diseases},
	volume = {10},
	number = {3},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {457},
	publisher = {Centers for Disease Control and Prevention},
	author = {Borella, Paola and Montagna, M Teresa and Romano-Spica, Vincenzo and Stampi, Serena and Stancanelli, Giovanna and Triassi, Maria and Neglia, Rachele and Marchesi, Isabella and Fantuzzi, Guglielmina and Tat{\`o}, Daniela and others}
}
@article {yang2012legionella,
	title = {Legionella nagasakiensis sp. nov., isolated from water samples and from a patient with pneumonia},
	journal = {International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology},
	volume = {62},
	number = {2},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {284{\textendash}288},
	publisher = {Microbiology Society},
	author = {Yang, Genyan and Benson, Robert F and Ratcliff, Rodney M and Brown, Ellen W and Steigerwalt, Arnold G and Thacker, W Lanier and Daneshvar, Maryam I and Morey, Roger E and Saito, Atsushi and Fields, Barry S}
}
@article {1918,
	title = {Lung function and inflammation during murine Pseudomonas aeruginosa airway infection},
	journal = {Immunobiology},
	volume = {216},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {901{\textendash}908},
	author = {W{\"o}lbeling, Florian and Munder, Antje and Kerber-Momot, Tanja and Neumann, Detlef and Hennig, Christian and Hansen, Gesine and T{\"u}mmler, Burkhard and Baumann, Ulrich}
}
@article {tage07,
	title = {A Meta-Analysis on the Effects of Antibiotic Treatment on Duration of Symptoms Caused by Infection with Campylobacter Species},
	journal = {Clinical Infectious Diseases},
	volume = {44},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {5},
	doi = {10.1086/509924},
	url = {http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/44/5/696.full.pdf+html},
	author = {Ternhag, A. and Asikainen, T. and Giesecke, J. and Ekdahl, K.}
}
@article {1819,
	title = {Modeling the {Dose} {Response} {Relationship} of {Waterborne} {{Acanthamoeba}},
	journal = {Risk Analysis},
	volume = {41},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {79{\textendash}91},
	issn = {0272-4332, 1539-6924},
	doi = {10.1111/risa.13603},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/risa.13603},
	author = {Dean, Kara and Tamrakar, Sushil and Huang, Yin and Rose, Joan B. and Mitchell, Jade}
}
@article {kotloff_modified_1995,
	title = {A modified {Shigella} volunteer challenge model in which the inoculum is administered with bicarbonate buffer: clinical experience and implications for {Shigella} infectivity},
	journal = {Vaccine},
	volume = {13},
	number = {16},
	year = {1995},
	month = {jan},
	pages = {1488{\textendash}1494},
	abstract = {{In the absence of a definitive immunologic correlate of protection against shigellosis, promising Shigella vaccine candidates have been selected based on their ability to confer resistance against experimental challenge with wild-type Shigella in healthy adult volunteers. A limitation of this model has been the low and often variable attack rate of illness among controls, necessitating repeated inpatient studies to demonstrate statistically significant results. In this study, the Shigella challenge model was modified by using bicarbonate buffer instead of skimmed milk as the delivery vehicle to enhance survival of the ingested challenge inoculum. To determine the ability of the modified model to detect protective efficacy, 11 veteran volunteers (previously challenged with S. flexneri 2a in bicarbonate buffer) and 12 immunologically naive control subjects were challenged with 1.4 {\texttimes} 103 c.f.u. S. flexneri 2a. Shigellosis occurred in 3 veterans and 11 control subjects (27 vs 92\%},
	keywords = {bacillary dysentery, infectivity, vaccines, volunteers},
	issn = {0264-410X},
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