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A limitation of this model has been the low and often variable attack rate of illness among controls, necessitating repeated inpatient studies to demonstrate statistically significant results. In this study, the Shigella challenge model was modified by using bicarbonate buffer instead of skimmed milk as the delivery vehicle to enhance survival of the ingested challenge inoculum. To determine the ability of the modified model to detect protective efficacy, 11 veteran volunteers (previously challenged with S. flexneri 2a in bicarbonate buffer) and 12 immunologically naive control subjects were challenged with 1.4 {\texttimes} 103 c.f.u. S. flexneri 2a. Shigellosis occurred in 3 veterans and 11 control subjects (27 vs 92\%}, keywords = {bacillary dysentery, infectivity, vaccines, volunteers}, issn = {0264-410X}, doi = {10.1016/0264-410X(95)00102-7}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0264410X95001027}, author = {Kotloff, Karen L. and Nataro, James P. and Losonsky, Genevieve A. and Wasserman, Steven S. and Hale, Thomas L. and Taylor, David N. and Sadoff, Jerald C. and Levine, Myron M.} } @article {k95, title = {A modified Shigella volunteer challenge model in which the inoculum is administered with bicarbonate buffer: clinical experience and implications for Shigella infectivity}, journal = {Vaccine}, volume = {13}, number = {16}, year = {1995}, pages = {1488-1494}, author = {Kotloff, Karen L} } @article {1701, title = {Molecular epidemiology of noroviruses associated with acute sporadic gastroenteritis in children: Global distribution of genogroups, genotypes and GII.4 variants}, year = {2013}, url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23218993}, author = {TNE Tran and E Trainor and T Makagomi} } @article {1574, title = {Molecules to modeling: Toxoplasma gondii oocysts at the human-animal-environment interface}, journal = {Communitive Immunology Microbiology \& Infectious Disease}, volume = {36}, year = {2013}, chapter = {pp. 217-231}, author = {Vanwormer, E and Fritz, H and Shapiro, K and Mazet, J A and Conrad, P A} } @article {1870, title = {Monitoring coastal marine waters for spore-forming bacteria of faecal and soil origin to determine point from non-point source pollution}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {44}, year = {2001}, pages = {181{\textendash}181}, author = {Fujioka, RS} } @article {992, title = {Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report: Legionellosis}, year = {Submitted}, url = {http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6032a3.htm}, author = {CDC} } @article {1592, title = {Multidrug-resistant typhoid fever: a review}, journal = {The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries}, volume = {5}, year = {2011}, chapter = {pp. 324-337}, author = {Zaki, S A and Karande, S} } @article {1720, title = {Multiple norovirus genotypes characterised from an oyster-associated outbreak of gastroenteritis}, year = {2005}, url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15967530}, author = {CI Gallimore and JS Cheesbrough and K Lamden and C Bingham and JJ Gray} } @article {abmzhrhlsdgblwmpfl06, title = {Murine Hepatitis Virus Strain 1 Produces a Clinically Relevant Model of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome in A/J Mice}, journal = {Journal of Virology}, volume = {80}, year = {2006}, pages = {21}, doi = {10.1128/JVI.00747-06}, url = {http://jvi.asm.org/content/80/21/10382.abstract}, author = {Albuquerque, N D and Baig, E and Ma, X and Zhang, J and He, W and Rowe, A and Habal, M and Liu, M and Shalev, I and Downey, G P and Gorczynski, R and Butany, J and Leibowitz, J and Weiss, S R and McGilvray, I D and Phillips, M J and Fish, E N and Levy, G A} } @article {as, title = {Mycobacterium avium Subspecies paratuberculosis Cultured from Locally and Commercially Pasteurized Cow{\textquoteright}s Milk in the Czech Republic}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {71}, number = {3}, year = {2005}, pages = {1210-1214}, author = {Ayele, W Y and Svastova, P} }