General overview

Acanthamoeba spp. are free-living amoeba (FLA) that have been commonly found in freshwater, tap water, and recreational water. Acanthamoeba spp. are capable of causing a variety of infections, including Acanthamoeba keratitis, an eye infection that has been associated with contect lens usage and cornea damage, and Granulomatous Amebic Encephalitis (GAE), a serious central nervous system infection that primarily affects immunocompromised individuals (Marciano-Cabral & Cabral, 2003; Visvesvara, Moura, & Schuster, 2007)[2] . Considering these infections, some exposure routes of concern for Acanthamoeba spp. are the corneal and intranasal exposure routes. 

 

Dean et al. (2020)[1] fit dose response models to data from previously conducted animal studies for Acanthamoeba spp. and the corneal and instranasal exposure routes. These models are an important step towards characterizing the risk associated with FLA like Acanthamoeba for drinking water-relevant exposure scenarios. More detailed descriptions of the datasets, fitting methods, model evaluation, and results can be found in the published article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/risa.13603

Recommended Model

For the intranasal exposure route, the exact beta-Poisson model fit to the pooled data from Experiments 3 and 4 is the recommended model. The successful pooling of the model gives additional confidence for applying the dose response relationship to additional Acanthamoeba strains and species. 

 

[2] Marciano-Cabral, F., & Cabral, G. (2003). Acanthamoeba spp. as agents of disease in humans. Clinical Microbiology Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.16.2.273-307.2003

ID Exposure Route # of Doses Agent Strain Dose Units Host type Μodel LD50/ID50 Optimized parameters Response type Reference
Acanth_Intranasal1 intranasal 6.00 A. culbertsoni (A1) no of trophozoites mice beta-Poisson a = 0.161 N50 = 14,690 or 14,538 death
Acanth_Intranasal2 intranasal 3.00 A. castellanii HN-3 no of trophozoites mice exponential 5.28E+03 k = 1.31E-04 death
Culbertson, C. ., Ensminger, P. ., & Overton, W. . (1966). Hartmannella (acanthamoeba). Experimental chronic, granulomatous brain infections produced by new isolates of low virulence. American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 46, 305–314.
Acanth_Intranasal3 intranasal 3.00 A. castellanii HN-3 no of trophozoites mice exponential 749 k = 9.26E-04 brain invasion
Culbertson, C. G., Ensminger, P. W., & Overton, W. M. (1966). Hartmannella (acanthamoeba). Experimental chronic, granulomatous brain infections produced by new isolates of low virulence. American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 46, 305-314.
Acanth_Intranasal4 intranasal 3.00 A. castellanii HN-3 no of trophozoites mice exponential 2.67E+03 k = 2.60E-04 acute meningoencephalitis
Culbertson, C. ., Ensminger, P. ., & Overton, W. . (1966). Hartmannella (acanthamoeba). Experimental chronic, granulomatous brain infections produced by new isolates of low virulence. American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 46, 305–314.
Acanth_Intranasal_Pooled intranasal 9.00 A. castellanii HN-3 and A culbertsoni A1 no of trophozoites mice beta-Poisson a = 0.245 N50 = 19357 death
Exposure Route:
intranasal
# of Doses:
6.00
Agent Strain:
A. culbertsoni (A1)
Dose Units:
no of trophozoites
Host type:
mice
Μodel:
beta-Poisson
LD50/ID50:
Optimized parameters: a = 0.161 N50 = 14,690 or 14,538
Response type:
death
Reference:

Červa (1967a,b) studied white mice of the Czechoslovak H-strain weighing 13-15 grams inoculated intranasally by placing 0.02 mL of the A1 strain of Acanthamoeba over the nares of the ethyl-ether anesthetized mice (Cerva, 1967b).

The beta-Poisson model provided the best fit to the data. 

 

Cerva, L. (1967b). Intranasal, Intrapulmonary, and Intracardial Inoculation of Experimental Animals with Hartmanella castellanii. Folia Parasitologica (Praha), 14, 207–215.

Exposure Route:
intranasal
# of Doses:
3.00
Agent Strain:
A. castellanii HN-3
Dose Units:
no of trophozoites
Host type:
mice
Μodel:
exponential
LD50/ID50:
5.28E+03
Optimized parameters: k = 1.31E-04
Response type:
death

Culbertson et al. (1966) studied the pathogenicity of the HN-3 strain of A. castellanii (Culbertson et al., 1966; Marciano-Cabral & Cabral, 2003) on ether-anesthetized-specific-pathogen-free (SPF) mice. Cultures of amebae were grown in trypticase soy broth and diluted so that 0.03 mL of a concentrated suspension could be instilled intranasally into the mice by placing fluid over the nares (Culbertson et al., 1966; Culbertson, Ensminger, & Overton, 1965a; Culbertson, Ensminger, & Overton, 1965b).

The exponential model provided the best fit to the data. 

 

Figure 1. Parameter histogram for exponential model (uncertainty of the parameter)
Figure 1. Parameter histogram for exponential model (uncertainty of the parameter)
Figure 2. Exponential model plot, with confidence bounds around optimized model
Figure 2. Exponential model plot, with confidence bounds around optimized model

Culbertson, C. G., Holmes, D. H., & Overton, W. M. (1965b). Hartmanella castellani (Acanthamoeba sp.). The American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 43(4), 361–364.

Culbertson, C. G., Ensminger, P. W., & Overton, W. M. (1966). Hartmannella (Acanthamoeba): Experimental Chronic, Granulomatous Brain Infections Produced by New Isolates of Low Virulence. The American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 46(3), 305–314.

Exposure Route:
intranasal
# of Doses:
3.00
Agent Strain:
A. castellanii HN-3
Dose Units:
no of trophozoites
Host type:
mice
Μodel:
exponential
LD50/ID50:
749
Optimized parameters: k = 9.26E-04
Response type:
brain invasion

Culbertson et al. (1966) studied the pathogenicity of the HN-3 strain of A. castellanii (Culbertson et al., 1966; Marciano-Cabral & Cabral, 2003) on ether-anesthetized-specific-pathogen-free (SPF) mice. Cultures of amebae were grown in trypticase soy broth and diluted so that 0.03 mL of a concentrated suspension could be instilled intranasally into the mice by placing fluid over the nares (Culbertson et al., 1966; Culbertson, Ensminger, & Overton, 1965a; Culbertson, Ensminger, & Overton, 1965b).

The exponential model provided the best fit to the data. 

Figure 1: Plot of exponential model fit to Experiment 5 with upper and lower 95% and 99% confidence
Figure 1: Plot of exponential model fit to Experiment 5 with upper and lower 95% and 99% confidence

Culbertson, C. G., Holmes, D. H., & Overton, W. M. (1965b). Hartmanella castellani (Acanthamoeba sp.). The American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 43(4), 361–364.

Culbertson, C. G., Ensminger, P. W., & Overton, W. M. (1966). Hartmannella (Acanthamoeba): Experimental Chronic, Granulomatous Brain Infections Produced by New Isolates of Low Virulence. The American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 46(3), 305–314.

Figure 2: Histogram of the 10,000 bootstrap replicates of k for the best fitting exponential model fit to Experiment 5
Figure 2: Histogram of the 10,000 bootstrap replicates of k for the best fitting exponential model fit to Experiment 5
Exposure Route:
intranasal
# of Doses:
3.00
Agent Strain:
A. castellanii HN-3
Dose Units:
no of trophozoites
Host type:
mice
Μodel:
exponential
LD50/ID50:
2.67E+03
Optimized parameters: k = 2.60E-04
Response type:
acute meningoencephalitis

Culbertson et al. (1966) studied the pathogenicity of the HN-3 strain of A. castellanii (Culbertson et al., 1966; Marciano-Cabral & Cabral, 2003) on ether-anesthetized-specific-pathogen-free (SPF) mice. Cultures of amebae were grown in trypticase soy broth and diluted so that 0.03 mL of a concentrated suspension could be instilled intranasally into the mice by placing fluid over the nares (Culbertson et al., 1966; Culbertson, Ensminger, & Overton, 1965a; Culbertson, Ensminger, & Overton, 1965b).

The exponential model provided the best fit to the data. 

Figure 1: Plot of exponential model fit to Experiment 6 with upper and lower 95% and 99% confidence
Figure 1: Plot of exponential model fit to Experiment 6 with upper and lower 95% and 99% confidence
Figure 2: Histogram of the 10,000 bootstrap replicates of k for the best fitting exponential model fit to Experiment 6
Figure 2: Histogram of the 10,000 bootstrap replicates of k for the best fitting exponential model fit to Experiment 6

 

Culbertson, C. G., Ensminger, P. W., & Overton, W. M. (1966). Hartmannella (Acanthamoeba): Experimental Chronic, Granulomatous Brain Infections Produced by New Isolates of Low Virulence. The American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 46(3), 305–314.

Highest quality
Exposure Route:
intranasal
# of Doses:
9.00
Agent Strain:
A. castellanii HN-3 and A culbertsoni A1
Dose Units:
no of trophozoites
Host type:
mice
Μodel:
beta-Poisson
LD50/ID50:
Optimized parameters: a = 0.245 N50 = 19357
Response type:
death
Reference:

The same exposure route and endpoint was evaluated for Experiments 3 and 4 (Cerva, 1967b; Culbertson et al. 1966)[6] [5]. A pooling analysis was attempted and successful. The beta-Poisson model provided a good fit to the pooled data and is shown below in Figure 1. Note: both the exact and approximate beta-Poisson models were fit to the data. The figures shown below and the csv file of bootstrapped parameter replicates are for the best fitting parameters of the exact beta-Poisson model. The successful pooling of multiple datasets generally increases the confidence in the estimated model parameters. 

Figure 1: Plot of the beta-Poisson model fit to the pooled Experiments 3 and 4 with upper and lower 95% and 99% confidence
Figure 1: Plot of the beta-Poisson model fit to the pooled Experiments 3 and 4 with upper and lower 95% and 99% confidence

 

Figure 2: Uncertainty plot of the 10,000 paired bootstrap replicates of alpha and beta for the pooled beta-Poisson model.
Figure 2: Uncertainty plot of the 10,000 paired bootstrap replicates of alpha and beta for the pooled beta-Poisson model.

 

 

[6] Cerva, L. (1967b). Intranasal, Intrapulmonary, and Intracardial Inoculation of Experimental Animals with Hartmanella castellanii. Folia Parasitologica (Praha), 14, 207–215.

[5] Culbertson, C. G., Ensminger, P. W., & Overton, W. M. (1966). Hartmannella (Acanthamoeba): Experimental Chronic, Granulomatous Brain Infections Produced by New Isolates of Low Virulence. The American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 46(3), 305–314.

References

  • Visvesvara, G. S., Moura, H. ., & Schuster, F. L. (2007). Pathogenic and opportunistic free-living amoebae: Acanthamoeba spp., Balamuthia mandrillaris, Naegleria fowleri, and Sappinia diploidea. FEMS Immunology & Medical Microbiology, 50, 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-695X.2007.00232.x
  • Dean, K. ., Tamrakar, S. ., Huang, Y. ., Rose, J. ., & Mitchell, J. . (2021). Modeling the Dose Response Relationship of Waterborne Acanthamoeba. Risk Analysis, 41. https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.13603