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General Overview

Polio is a crippling and potentially fatal infectious disease. There is no cure, but there are safe and effective vaccines. Polio is caused by a highly infectious virus of the family of Picornaviridae, genus Enterovirus. There are three types of polioviruses, type 1, type 2 and type 3. Enteroviruses are transient inhabitants of the gastrointestinal tract, and are stable at acid pH.The viral particles are very small, about 30 nm in diameter. Picornaviridae possess an icosahedric nucleocapsid with a single-stranded (SS) RNA genome and four capsid proteins (VP1–VP4).

The virus particle enters the human body through the mouth, where it begins to proliferate within the pharyngeal epithelium. Then it colonizes the intestines, where it rapidly multiplies. Humans are the only reservoir for polioviruses. Polio affects mainly children under 5 years of age.

http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/downloads/polio.pdf

Summary Data

Hilary Koprowski(1956)  experimented with three strains of attenuated viruses for immunization study. Type 1 virus was administered through oral route , either in milk or in a hard gelatin capsule. Different doses of virus particles were given to nine human volunteers. The alimentary infection was recorded (via antibody titer).(Koprowski 1956)  However, data of strain 2 and 3 were not fittable.

Similarly, Albert B. Sabin in 1955  also explored experimental infection of poliomyelitis with humans, monkeys and Chimpanzees. Three different strains (type 1, type 2 and type 3) of viruses were inoculated via oral route. (Sabin 1955)  Among all the data, only the Chimpanzees infected by type 2 strain was usable for dose response modelling.

Recommended Model

Experiment 56 is the only dose-response model derived from human experiment. Humans are more susceptible than Chimpanzees to infection in oral route (Sabin 1955). Hence it is the recommended model.

Exponential and betapoisson model.jpg

ID Exposure Route # of Doses Agent Strain Dose Units Host type Μodel LD50/ID50 Optimized parameters Response type Reference
56 oral (capsule) 3.00 type 1,attenuated PD50 (mouse paralytic doses) human exponential 1.41E+00 k = 4.91E-01 alimentary infection
Koprowski, H. . (1956). Immunization against Poliomyelitis with Living Attenuated Virus. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 5, 3.
59 oral (liquid) 3.00 type 2,attenuated TCID50 Chimpanzee exponential 9.66E+06 k = 7.18E-08 alimentary infection
Sabin, A. B. (1955). Behavior of chimpanzee avirulent poliomyelitis viruses in experimentally infected human volunteers. The American Journal of the Medical Sciences, 230, 1.
Highest quality
Exposure Route:
oral (capsule)
# of Doses:
3.00
Agent Strain:
type 1,attenuated
Dose Units:
PD50 (mouse paralytic doses)
Host type:
human
Μodel:
exponential
LD50/ID50:
1.41E+00
Optimized parameters: k = 4.91E-01
Response type:
alimentary infection
Reference:
Immunization against Poliomyelitis with Living Attenuated Virus
Human data( Poliovirus type 1) 
Dose INFECTED NON-INFECTED Total
0.2 0 2 2
2 2 1 3
20 4 0 4

 

Goodness of fit and model selection
Model Deviance Δ Degrees 
of freedom		 χ20.95,1 
p-value 		χ20.95,m-k 
p-value
Exponential 0.415 -7.99e-07 2 3.84 
1 		5.99 
0.812
Beta Poisson 0.415 1 3.84 
0.519
Exponential is preferred to beta-Poisson; cannot reject good fit for exponential.

 

Optimized k parameter for the exponential model, from 10000 bootstrap iterations
Parameter MLE estimate Percentiles
0.5% 2.5% 5% 95% 97.5% 99.5%
k 4.91E-01 1.30E-01 1.30E-01 2.25E-01 1.39E+00 1.39E+00 1.39E+00
ID50/LD50/ETC* 1.41E+00 5.00E-01 5.00E-01 5.00E-01 3.08E+00 5.33E+00 5.33E+00
*Not a parameter of the exponential model; however, it facilitates comparison with other models.

 

Parameter histogram for exponential model (uncertainty of the parameter)

Exponential model plot, with confidence bounds around optimized model

Exposure Route:
oral (liquid)
# of Doses:
3.00
Agent Strain:
type 2,attenuated
Dose Units:
TCID50
Host type:
Chimpanzee
Μodel:
exponential
LD50/ID50:
9.66E+06
Optimized parameters: k = 7.18E-08
Response type:
alimentary infection
Reference:
Behavior of chimpanzee avirulent poliomyelitis viruses in experimentally infected human volunteers
Chimpanzee data(Poliovirus type2) 
Dose INFECTED NON-INFECTED Total
15800 0 2 2
1580000 1 2 3
1.58E+07 5 3 8

 

Goodness of fit and model selection
Model Deviance Δ Degrees 
of freedom		 χ20.95,1 
p-value 		χ20.95,m-k 
p-value
Exponential 1.21 1.17 2 3.84 
0.279 		5.99 
0.547
Beta Poisson 0.0337 1 3.84 
0.854
Exponential is preferred to beta-Poisson; cannot reject good fit for exponential.

 

Optimized k parameter for the exponential model, from 10000 bootstrap iterations
Parameter MLE estimate Percentiles
0.5% 2.5% 5% 95% 97.5% 99.5%
k 7.18E-08 1.75E-08 2.65E-08 2.84E-08 1.75E-07 2.12E-07 6.87E-07
ID50/LD50/ETC* 9.66E+06 1.01E+06 3.28E+06 3.97E+06 2.44E+07 2.62E+07 3.96E+07
*Not a parameter of the exponential model; however, it facilitates comparison with other models.

 

Parameter histogram for exponential model (uncertainty of the parameter)

Exponential model plot, with confidence bounds around optimized model

References

  • Koprowski, H. . (1956). Immunization against Poliomyelitis with Living Attenuated Virus. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 5, 3.
  • Sabin, A. B. (1955). Behavior of chimpanzee avirulent poliomyelitis viruses in experimentally infected human volunteers. The American Journal of the Medical Sciences, 230, 1.