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General Overview

Rhinovirus, a small icosahedral viruses made of a protein capsid that encases a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA molecule, belongs to the Picornaviridae family. About 100 different serotypes have been identified and characterized by their own specific antigens.

Rhinoviruses are responsible for 30 to 50% of adult colds and 10 to 25% of colds in children. Other cold-causing viruses are adenoviruses, coronaviruses, coxsackieviruses, echoviruses, orthomyxoviruses, paramyxoviruses, respiratory syncytial virus, and enteroviruses, each of which produces infections with slightly different patterns of symptoms and severity. Several of the above-mentioned viruses also account for other more severe illnesses, according to Bella and Rossmann[1].

Summary Data

Hendley et al. (1972)[2] inoculated young adult human volunteers over the age of 21 with Rhinovirus type 39 (RV 39), strain SF 299, and rhinovirus type 14 (RV 14), strain SF 765, via intranasal exposure route. Shedding of the challenge virus and/or a fourfold or greater increase in titer of serum antibody to a homotypic rhinovirus were accepted as evidence of infection.

Summary

The responses caused by doses less than one observed in these two experiments are probably due to the uncertainties of dose counting in the original study.

References

  1. Citekey 1270 not found
  2. Hendley, J. O., Edmondson W. P., & Gwaltney J. M. (1972).  Relation between Naturally Acquired Immunity and Infectivity of Two Rhinoviruses in Volunteers. Journal of Infectious Diseases. 125, 3.
ID # of Doses Agent Strain Dose Units Host type Μodel Optimized parameters Response type Reference
310 6 type 14 TCID50 human beta-Poisson a = 2.52E-01

LD50/ID50 = 3.83E+00
N50 = 3.83E+00
infection Hendley, J O., W P. Edmondson, and J M. Gwaltney. "Relation between Naturally Acquired Immunity and Infectivity of Two Rhinoviruses in Volunteers." Journal of Infectious Diseases. 125 (1972): 3.
311 6 type 39 TCID50 human beta-Poisson a = 7.01E-01

LD50/ID50 = 1.9E-01
N50 = 1.9E-01
infection Hendley, J O., W P. Edmondson, and J M. Gwaltney. "Relation between Naturally Acquired Immunity and Infectivity of Two Rhinoviruses in Volunteers." Journal of Infectious Diseases. 125 (1972): 3.
312 6 type 14 TCID50 human beta-Poisson a = 1.81E-01

LD50/ID50 = 2.22E+01
N50 = 2.22E+01
infection Hendley, J O., W P. Edmondson, and J M. Gwaltney. "Relation between Naturally Acquired Immunity and Infectivity of Two Rhinoviruses in Volunteers." Journal of Infectious Diseases. 125 (1972): 3.
312, 313 12 type 14 TCID50 human beta-Poisson a = 1.82E-01

LD50/ID50 = 1.38E+01
N50 = 1.38E+01
infection Hendley, J O., W P. Edmondson, and J M. Gwaltney. "Relation between Naturally Acquired Immunity and Infectivity of Two Rhinoviruses in Volunteers." Journal of Infectious Diseases. 125 (1972): 3.
313 6 type 39 TCID50 human beta-Poisson a = 2,00E-01

LD50/ID50 = 1.05E+01
N50 = 1.05E+01
infection Hendley, J O., W P. Edmondson, and J M. Gwaltney. "Relation between Naturally Acquired Immunity and Infectivity of Two Rhinoviruses in Volunteers." Journal of Infectious Diseases. 125 (1972): 3.
64 6 type 14 TCID50 human beta-Poisson a = 2.01E-01

LD50/ID50 = 9.22E+00
N50 = 9.22E+00
infection Hendley, J O., W P. Edmondson, and J M. Gwaltney. "Relation between Naturally Acquired Immunity and Infectivity of Two Rhinoviruses in Volunteers." Journal of Infectious Diseases. 125 (1972): 3.
65 6 type 39 TCID50 human beta-Poisson a = 2.21E-01

LD50/ID50 = 1.81E+00
N50 = 1.81E+00
infection Hendley, J O., W P. Edmondson, and J M. Gwaltney. "Relation between Naturally Acquired Immunity and Infectivity of Two Rhinoviruses in Volunteers." Journal of Infectious Diseases. 125 (1972): 3.
Experiment ID:
310
# of Doses:
6
Agent Strain:
type 14
Dose Units:
TCID50
Host type:
human
Μodel:
beta-Poisson
Optimized parameters: a = 2.52E-01

LD50/ID50 = 3.83E+00
N50 = 3.83E+00
Reference:
TITLE [1]
Dose INFECTION NOT

INFECTION || Total
0.5 1 4 5
1.5 2 3 5
5 3 2 5
15 2 1 3
150 14 5 19
300 5 0 5
Goodness of fit and model selection
Model Deviance Δ Degrees 
of freedom		 χ20.95,1 
p-value		 χ20.95,m-k 
p-value
Exponential 29.7 27.3 5 3.84 
{{{pbPbetter}}}		 11.1 
1.71e-05
Beta Poisson 2.42 4 9.49 
0

selection
Beta-Poisson fits better than exponential; cannot reject good fit for beta-Poisson.
Optimized parameters for the beta-Poisson model, from 10000 bootstrapiterations
Parameter MLE estimate Percentiles
0.5% 2.5% 5% 95% 97.5% 99.5%
α 2.52E-01 9.79E-04 9.14E-02 1.16E-01 5.50E-01 6.41E-01 1.06E+00
N50 3.83E+00 9.08E-03 3.23E-01 6.41E-01 1.48E+01 2.04E+01 8.86E+01

Parameter scatter plot for beta Poisson model ellipses signify the 0.9, 0.95 and 0.99 confidence of the parameters.

beta Poisson model plot, with confidence bounds around optimized model

References

  1. J Hendley, O., Jr W. P. Edmondso, & Jr J. M. Gwaltney (1972).  Relation between naturally acquired immunity and infectivity of two rhinoviruses in volunteers. Journal of Infectious Diseases. 125, 243–248.
Experiment ID:
311
# of Doses:
6
Agent Strain:
type 39
Dose Units:
TCID50
Host type:
human
Μodel:
beta-Poisson
Optimized parameters: a = 7.01E-01

LD50/ID50 = 1.9E-01
N50 = 1.9E-01
Reference:

Optimization Output for experiment 311

TITLE [1]
Dose INFECTION NOT

INFECTION || Total
0.05 0 2 2
0.15 1 3 4
0.5 5 2 7
1.5 18 1 19
5 1 0 1
50 19 1 20
Goodness of fit and model selection
Model Deviance Δ Degrees 
of freedom		 χ20.95,1 
p-value		 χ20.95,m-k 
p-value
Exponential 61.7 56.8 5 3.84 
{{{pbPbetter}}}		 11.1 
5.32e-12
Beta Poisson 4.95 4 9.49 
0

selection
Beta-Poisson fits better than exponential; cannot reject good fit for beta-Poisson.
Optimized parameters for the beta-Poisson model, from 10000 bootstrapiterations
Parameter MLE estimate Percentiles
0.5% 2.5% 5% 95% 97.5% 99.5%
α 7.01E-01 2.29E-01 3.14E-01 3.63E-01 1.81E+06 3.82E+06 1.41E+07
N50 1.9E-01 2.27E-02 5.85E-02 7.93E-02 4.20E-01 4.52E-01 5.56E-01

Parameter scatter plot for beta Poisson model ellipses signify the 0.9, 0.95 and 0.99 confidence of the parameters.

beta Poisson model plot, with confidence bounds around optimized model

References

  1. J Hendley, O., Jr W. P. Edmondso, & Jr J. M. Gwaltney (1972).  Relation between naturally acquired immunity and infectivity of two rhinoviruses in volunteers. Journal of Infectious Diseases. 125, 243–248.
Experiment ID:
312
# of Doses:
6
Agent Strain:
type 14
Dose Units:
TCID50
Host type:
human
Μodel:
beta-Poisson
Optimized parameters: a = 1.81E-01

LD50/ID50 = 2.22E+01
N50 = 2.22E+01
Reference:
TITLE [1]
Dose INFECTION NOT

INFECTION || Total
0.5 0 4 4
1.5 2 3 5
5 1 4 5
15 4 3 7
150 13 8 21
300 5 2 7
Goodness of fit and model selection
Model Deviance Δ Degrees 
of freedom		 χ20.95,1 
p-value		 χ20.95,m-k 
p-value
Exponential 24.3 21.5 5 3.84 
{{{pbPbetter}}}		 11.1 
0.000194
Beta Poisson 2.77 4 9.49 
0

selection
Beta-Poisson fits better than exponential; cannot reject good fit for beta-Poisson.
Optimized parameters for the beta-Poisson model, from 10000 bootstrapiterations
Parameter MLE estimate Percentiles
0.5% 2.5% 5% 95% 97.5% 99.5%
α 1.81E-01 3.92E-02 7.30E-02 9.02E-02 4.00E-01 4.79E-01 7.28E-01
N50 2.22E+01 3.12E+00 5.01E+00 6.38E+00 1.22E+02 2.06E+02 1.26E+03

Parameter scatter plot for beta Poisson model ellipses signify the 0.9, 0.95 and 0.99 confidence of the parameters.

beta Poisson model plot, with confidence bounds around optimized model

References

  1. J Hendley, O., Jr W. P. Edmondso, & Jr J. M. Gwaltney (1972).  Relation between naturally acquired immunity and infectivity of two rhinoviruses in volunteers. Journal of Infectious Diseases. 125, 243–248.
Experiment ID:
312, 313
# of Doses:
12
Agent Strain:
type 14
Dose Units:
TCID50
Host type:
human
Μodel:
beta-Poisson
Optimized parameters: a = 1.82E-01

LD50/ID50 = 1.38E+01
N50 = 1.38E+01
Reference:
TITLE [1]
Dose INFECTION NOT

INFECTION || Total
0.05 0 4 4
0.15 1 4 5
0.5 0 4 4
0.5 3 14 17
1.5 2 3 5
1.5 4 10 14
5 1 4 5
5 4 11 15
15 4 3 7
50 28 14 42
150 13 8 21
300 5 2 7

"

Goodness of fit and model selection
Model Deviance Δ Degrees 
of freedom		 χ20.95,1 
p-value		 χ20.95,m-k 
p-value
Exponential 78.6 72.3 11 3.84 
{{{pbPbetter}}}		 19.7 
2.8e-12
Beta Poisson 6.22 10 18.3 
0.796
{{{interpretation}}}

"

Optimized parameters for the beta-Poisson model, from 10000 bootstrapiterations
Parameter MLE estimate Percentiles
0.5% 2.5% 5% 95% 97.5% 99.5%
α 1.82E-01 1.04E-03 1.03E-01 1.14E-01 3.04E-01 3.38E-01 4.09E-01
N50 1.38E+01 2.98E+00 5.64E+00 6.67E+00 3.77E+01 4.98E+01 1.32E+02

Parameter scatter plot for beta Poisson model ellipses signify the 0.9, 0.95 and 0.99 confidence of the parameters.

beta Poisson model plot, with confidence bounds around optimized model

References

  1. J Hendley, O., Jr W. P. Edmondso, & Jr J. M. Gwaltney (1972).  Relation between naturally acquired immunity and infectivity of two rhinoviruses in volunteers. Journal of Infectious Diseases. 125, 243–248.
Experiment ID:
313
# of Doses:
6
Agent Strain:
type 39
Dose Units:
TCID50
Host type:
human
Μodel:
beta-Poisson
Optimized parameters: a = 2,00E-01

LD50/ID50 = 1.05E+01
N50 = 1.05E+01
Reference:
TITLE [1]
Dose INFECTION NOT

INFECTION || Total
0.05 0 4 4
0.15 1 4 5
0.5 3 14 17
1.5 4 10 14
5 4 11 15
50 28 14 42
Goodness of fit and model selection
Model Deviance Δ Degrees 
of freedom		 χ20.95,1 
p-value		 χ20.95,m-k 
p-value
Exponential 29.2 26.2 5 3.84 
{{{pbPbetter}}}		 11.1 
2.16e-05
Beta Poisson 2.93 4 9.49 
0

selection
Beta-Poisson fits better than exponential; cannot reject good fit for beta-Poisson.
Optimized parameters for the beta-Poisson model, from 10000 bootstrapiterations
Parameter MLE estimate Percentiles
0.5% 2.5% 5% 95% 97.5% 99.5%
α 2E-01 7.86E-02 9.79E-02 1.11E-01 4.65E-01 5.58E-01 8.66E-01
N50 1.05E+01 3.00E+00 3.98E+00 4.65E+00 3.67E+01 5.32E+01 1.22E+02

Parameter scatter plot for beta Poisson model ellipses signify the 0.9, 0.95 and 0.99 confidence of the parameters.

beta Poisson model plot, with confidence bounds around optimized model

References

  1. J Hendley, O., Jr W. P. Edmondso, & Jr J. M. Gwaltney (1972).  Relation between naturally acquired immunity and infectivity of two rhinoviruses in volunteers. Journal of Infectious Diseases. 125, 243–248.
Experiment ID:
64
# of Doses:
6
Agent Strain:
type 14
Dose Units:
TCID50
Host type:
human
Μodel:
beta-Poisson
Optimized parameters: a = 2.01E-01

LD50/ID50 = 9.22E+00
N50 = 9.22E+00
Reference:
human/type 14 strain SF 765model data [1]
Dose Infected Non-infected Total
0.5 1 8 9
1.5 4 6 10
5 4 6 10
15 6 4 10
150 27 13 40
300 10 2 12

 

Goodness of fit and model selection
Model Deviance Δ Degrees 
of freedom		 χ20.95,1 
p-value		 χ20.95,m-k 
p-value
Exponential 51.8 50.2 5 3.84 
1.42e-12		 11.1 
5.8e-10
Beta Poisson 1.68 4 9.49 
0.794
Beta-Poisson fits better than exponential; cannot reject good fit for beta-Poisson.

 

Optimized parameters for the beta-Poisson model, from 10000 bootstrap iterations
Parameter MLE estimate Percentiles
0.5% 2.5% 5% 95% 97.5% 99.5%
α 2.01E-01 7.76E-02 1.07E-01 1.22E-01 3.36E-01 3.69E-01 4.61E-01
N50 9.22E+00 1.41E+00 2.57E+00 3.40E+00 2.47E+01 3.14E+01 5.26E+01

 

Parameter scatter plot for beta Poisson model ellipses signify the 0.9, 0.95 and 0.99 confidence of the parameters.

beta Poisson model plot, with confidence bounds around optimized model

References

  1. J Hendley, O., Jr W. P. Edmondso, & Jr J. M. Gwaltney (1972).  Relation between naturally acquired immunity and infectivity of two rhinoviruses in volunteers. Journal of Infectious Diseases. 125, 243–248.
Recommended
Experiment ID:
65
# of Doses:
6
Agent Strain:
type 39
Dose Units:
TCID50
Host type:
human
Μodel:
beta-Poisson
Optimized parameters: a = 2.21E-01

LD50/ID50 = 1.81E+00
N50 = 1.81E+00
Reference:
human/type 39 strain SF 299 model data [1]
Dose Infected Non-infected Total
0.05 0 11 11
0.15 2 7 9
0.5 8 16 24
5 5 11 16
50 47 15 62

 

Goodness of fit and model selection
Model Deviance Δ Degrees 
of freedom		 χ20.95,1 
p-value		 χ20.95,m-k 
p-value
Exponential 50.3 44.3 4 3.84 
2.76e-11		 9.49 
3.06e-10
Beta Poisson 6.01 3 7.81 
0.111
Beta-Poisson fits better than exponential; cannot reject good fit for beta-Poisson.

 

Optimized parameters for the beta-Poisson model, from 10000 bootstrap iterations
Parameter MLE estimate Percentiles
0.5% 2.5% 5% 95% 97.5% 99.5%
α 2.24E-01 9.88E-04 1.40E-01 1.53E-01 3.71E-01 4.27E-01 7.63E-01
N50 3.29E+00 1.90E-02 1.34E+00 1.59E+00 7.67E+00 9.27E+00 1.59E+01

 

Parameter scatter plot for beta Poisson model ellipses signify the 0.9, 0.95 and 0.99 confidence of the parameters.

beta Poisson model plot, with confidence bounds around optimized model

References

  1. J Hendley, O., Jr W. P. Edmondso, & Jr J. M. Gwaltney (1972).  Relation between naturally acquired immunity and infectivity of two rhinoviruses in volunteers. Journal of Infectious Diseases. 125, 243–248.